All-American Presidential Forums on PBS - Moderated by Tavis Smiley

 

Democratic Forum - aired June 28, 2007

Announcer: Funding for Tavis Smiley's "All-American Presidential Forums on PBS" has been provided by The National Minority Consortia's 2008 Election Initiative.

With support from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting.

And by the California Endowment seeking to transform and improve the health of a new generation of California's children, youth and families. The California Endowment, building healthier communities.

And from contributions to your PBS station from viewers like you. Thank you.

Announcer: Live from Howard University in Washington, D.C., it's the "All-American Presidential Forums on PBS" moderated by Tavis Smiley. Tonight's forum features eight Democrats seeking to become their party's presidential nominee. Now please welcome the President of Howard University, Dr. H. Patrick Swygert.

Dr. H. Patrick Swygert: Good evening, everyone. It is a real delight, pleasure and privilege for me to welcome all of you to Howard University. On behalf of our trustees and our faculty members, our students and staff, please know that we view this as a signal honor and a signal moment in the history of Howard University. At Howard, we take leadership for America and the global community seriously and this is a serious moment for all of us, indeed for all Americans.

Tonight we will hear questions posed and responses to issues affecting our community and the greater community as well. But we're all Americans, we're all engaged, and here at Howard, we believe that Howard University continues to be committed to freedom, justice, equality and human rights. Thank you for joining us and thank Tavis Smiley, thank PBS for giving us this opportunity. And most especially, let me thank our students and our student volunteers who've worked tirelessly. Thank you.

Our students have worked tirelessly to make tonight memorable for each and every one of you and our viewing audience. Again, on behalf of the immediate and extended Howard University family, thank you very much.

Announcer: Please welcome the host of the "Tom Joyner Morning Show," Tom Joyner.

Tom Joyner: Good evening. I am excited and honored to be here tonight as we make not just African American history, but American history. I'm doubly excited because this history-making occasion is taking place at the historically Black Howard University.

Now if you don't know anything about me, let me share a little bit about myself. I'm Scorpio (laughter). No, seriously, the "Tom Joyner Morning Show" boldly serves our audience by providing information, empowerment and one heck of a party. I'm grateful to Tavis for always bringing a purpose to our party. The "Covenant with Black America" book defines the issues that are of concern to Black America. It became number one on the bestseller's list because of the power of Black media and the power of Black America.

The issues of Black America are the same as the issues for all of America, but not necessarily in the same order. Tavis always says when America catches a cold, Black America gets pneumonia. We suffer disproportionately with too many of the nation's ills. We deserve more than last-minute visits during Sunday morning church services and that is why we're here this evening.

In the next election, Black America stands united on a lot of issues, but not all issues, and that's why our vote cannot be taken for granted. Thank you, Tavis, for giving these candidates a chance to do what we do every day, make Black America a priority. Now the moderator of the "All-American Presidential Forum", my friend Tavis Smiley.

Tavis Smiley: Thank you, thank you. Thank you, Tom, for your abiding friendship and your work to help make Black America better. I believe that when we make Black America better, we make all of America better. Let me commence tonight by thanking Howard University for hosting us and PBS for having the courage and the conviction and the commitment to make this "All-American Presidential Forum" possible.

We live now, as you well know, in the most multicultural, multiracial, multiethnic America ever. Public Broadcasting then, at its best, celebrates that reality. It is our hope tonight that, as you watch this "All-American Presidential Forum" here on PBS or listen on Public Radio International, you'll come to appreciate that, as Americans, we all want the same thing, to live in a nation as good as its promise.

We are here tonight because, as Tom mentioned, of the "Covenant with Black America" or as I like to often refer to it, "the little book that could." It is a book that details, of course, the most pressing issues of concern to Black America and what everyday people can do to create change. Because of those everyday people, the "Covenant" made history when it climbed to number one on just everybody's bestseller's list, including "The New York Times."

Tonight's conversation then isn't so much a pop quiz for these candidates as it is an open book test. Put simply, where do you stand on the issues that matter most to people of color in America? The "Covenant" is a collection of some of the best ideas in Black America offered by some of the brightest minds in Black America. Indeed, I see contributors here tonight like Marian Wright Edelman, Wade Henderson, Mark Morial, former Surgeon General Dr. David Satcher and Princeton Professor Cornel West.

Dr. West, in fact, offers us in the "Covenant" a powerful formulation on leadership, "You can't lead people if you don't love people and you can't save people if you don't serve people." So tonight, we ask of ourselves and we ask of these candidates, "what's the depth of your love for everyday people and what's the quality of your service?" Dr. King put it this way, "Any of us can be great because any of us can serve. All it takes is a heart full of grace and a soul generated by love."

Some weeks ago, I received a letter that four young people in Memphis, Tennessee were washing cars and hosting garage sales to raise funds to attend this "All-American Presidential Forum" tonight, young people who are quite often labeled by our society as high-risk. In the letter, they asked me, "Mr. Smiley, not for money, but for help in securing tickets to attend." I told them that it might be a little tough because, in Washington, everybody is a VIP, but that I would do what I could.

The truth is, you know that once I read that letter, there was absolutely no way that these young Americans would be denied, so please welcome from Memphis, Tennessee, washing cars to get here, Taylor Boyce, Darren Boyce, Robert Smith and Roy Smith, Jr.

So what else is there to say? I have only to quote a great American named Paul Robeson, "Children must ever be cherished, for they are not only the hope and promise of my people, with them stands the destiny of democracy in America." Now to introduce the 2008 Democratic candidates for president, please welcome the Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Deval Patrick.

Governor Deval Patrick: Thank you very much. Thank you, ladies and gentlemen. I am very, very pleased to be here at Howard University for this, the first "All-American Presidential Forum on PBS." It's a heady time for Democrats in Massachusetts and all across the country.

A majority of governors are Democrats. We have Democratic majorities in both Houses of the Congress and the National Republican party seems philosophically adrift, but beware because discontent with Republicans is not enough to elect a Democratic president nor should it be. We have to offer a more positive and hopeful vision for a united America to run on what we are for and not just what we are against.

In Massachusetts and all across America, people are less interested in the differences between the right and the left and want a serious debate about right and wrong. The field of candidates that you are about to meet represents a depth of experience and breadth of vision that would make any American proud. Each one offers leadership committed to changing the course of our nation both here at home and abroad.

Their ideas, creativity and dedication to the common good reflects what it means to be a Democrat, so here we go. Please welcome New York Senator Hillary Clinton; Delaware Senator Joe Biden; New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson; former North Carolina Senator John Edwards; Illinois Senator Barack Obama; Ohio Congressman Dennis Kucinich; former Alaska Senator Mike Gravel; and Connecticut Senator Chris Dodd.

Tavis Smiley: If the candidates can now take their places on the podiums? To ask the first question tonight, I'm pleased to be joined by Crecilla Cohen Scott from Bowie, Maryland. She is a winner of our online contest which we asked listeners of the Tom Joyner Morning Show to submit questions to the website of blackamerica.com.

This question will go first to Senator Clinton and we'll work our way, of course, down the line. Please welcome from Bowie, Maryland, Crecilla Cohen Scott for tonight's first question.

Crecilla Cohen Scott: Good evening, candidates. In 1903, the noted intellectual, W.E.B. DuBois said, "The problem of the 20th century is the problem of the color line." Is race still the most intractable issue in America and especially, I might add, in light of today's U.S. Supreme Court decision which struck down the use of race as a factor in K through 12?

Hillary Clinton: Thank you for that question. It is abundantly clear, especially today, that race and racism are defining challenges not only in the United States, but around the world. We have made progress. You can look at this stage and see an African American, a Latino, a woman, contesting for the presidency of the United States, but there is so much left to be done. For anyone to assert that race is not a problem in America is to deny the reality in front of our very eyes.

You can look at the thousands of African Americans left behind by their government with Katrina. You can look at the opportunity gap, the cradle to prison superhighway that the Covenant talks about, and you can look at this decision today which turned the clock back on the promise of Brown v. Board of Education that was resting on the fact that children are better off if they are part of a diverse, integrated society.

So, yes, we have come a long way, but, yes, we have a long way to go. The march is not finished and I hope that all of us, the Democratic candidates, will demonstrate clearly that the work is yet to be done and we call on everyone to be foot soldiers in that revolution to finish the job.

Joe Biden: The answer to your question, it is still the defining issue. In the decision today, look at the minority views. The minority stated had the rationale that was applied by the majority been applied the last fifty years, we would have never overcome the state's effort to ignore Brown vs. the Board. But we can do something about it and the place to start is with the next president, with the Supreme Court of the United States of America.

As some of you know, some of the people on this stage and the press criticized me for being awful tough on Justice Roberts and awful tough on Alito. The problem was, the rest of us weren't tough enough on them. They have turned the court upside down and the next president of the United States will be able to determine whether or not we go forward or continue this slide. It's the single most imperative generational decision the next president will make and you'd better pick the right person to make it.

Bill Richardson: Leading on the issues of race is about being authentic, about speaking honestly. Race is a major issue in this country and the next president has to talk about it. Race is not just passing new laws. Race is not just naming solid Supreme Court Justices. Race is also dealing with bigotry and racism that exists in this country.

I believe very strongly that the next president is not just going to have to pass laws and take the steps necessary to reaffirm affirmative action and take steps to make sure that our schools are integrated, but also the next president is going to have to lead and speak passionately about a dialogue among all peoples. I believe very strongly that issues of diversity for me, the first Latino to run for president, aren't talking points. They're facts of life.

John Edwards: Let me say first thank you to the Howard Bison for hosting us here tonight. We're very proud to be here. This is one of the great HBCUs in America which all of us should be proud of. I'm proud of some that we have in my home state of North Carolina. I also want to thank you for hosting this debate where finally we can talk inequality in America, which is at the heart and soul of why I'm running for president of the United States.

The truth is that slavery followed by segregation followed by discrimination has had an impact that still is alive and well in America and it goes through every single part of American life. We still have two public school systems in America. These two Americas that I've talked about in the past? Man, they are out there thriving every single day.

We have two public school systems in America, one for the wealthy and one for everybody else. We have two health care systems in America and we know that race plays an enormous role in the problems that African Americans face and problems that African Americans face with health care every single day. There are huge health care disparities, which is why we need universal health care in this country.

But we have work to do. All of us have work to do. By the way, also making sure that every single American, including people of color, are allowed to vote and that their vote is counted in the election and that we know that their voice is heard in the election. But all of us have a responsibility to build one America that works for everybody across all racial barriers that still exist in this country.

Barack Obama: First of all, thank you for the question. Tavis, thank you for helping to organize this. All the contributors of the "Covenant," thank you and thank you to Howard and Dr. Swygert and all of you who have made me what I am. This is where Thurgood Marshall and the team from Brown crafted their strategy. If it hadn't been for them, I would not be standing here today.

It was their fundamental recognition that, for us to achieve racial equality was not simply good for African Americans, but it was good for America as a whole, that we could not be what we might be as a nation unless we healed the brutal wounds of slavery and Jim Crow. Now we have enormous progress, but the progress we have made is not good enough. As many have already mentioned, we live in a society that remains separated in terms of life opportunities for African Americans, for Latinos and the rest of the nation.

It is absolutely critical for us to recognize that there are going to be responsibilities on the part of African Americans and other groups to take personal responsibility to rise up out of the problems that we face, but there's also got to be a social responsibility. There has to be a sense of mutual responsibility and there's got to be political will in the White House to make that happen. That's what I'm committed to doing. That's the reason I'm running for president.

Dennis Kucinich: I want to share the remarks of Barack Obama because the fact of the matter is that racial inequality is real, that it affects every area of our lives as the "Covenant" pointed out. Now what's interesting, the philosophy that's guiding leaders in the Executive and the Judicial branch of government because they go out and tell people, "Pull yourselves up by your bootstraps" and then they steal their boots.

We need to have a policy, an education, which first of all is guided by certain fundamental rights. Jesse Jackson, Jr. has a bill that makes having an equal opportunity for education a matter of a constitutional privilege. With this Supreme Court ruling, it is imperative that we have a constitutional amendment guaranteeing educational opportunity equality.

In the meantime, universal pre-kindergarten. Every child age three, four and five should have access to full quality daycare. Eliminate those disparities that we see early on in school. Eliminate No Child Left Behind, which is aimed at testing instead of improving children's educational opportunity through language, music and the arts. Finally, we need to take the resources away from war and military buildup and assure that every child should have a chance for a quality college education as well. Thank you.

Mike Gravel: First off, let me thank the organizers. This is the fairest debate or forum that we've had thus far this year. Let me add that racism was here with us at the beginning of this country. It was here in the last century and it's going to be with us in the twenty-first century.

One of the areas that touches me the most and enrages me the most is our war on drugs that this country has been putting forth for the last generation. In 1972, we had 179,000 human beings in jail in this country. Today it's 2.3 million and seventy percent of them are Black African Americans. I hope my colleagues will join me in standing up and saying like FDR did with prohibition, "We'll do away with that," and FDR did it.

If I'm president, I'll do away with the war on drugs which does nothing but savage our inner cities and put our children at risk. There's no reason for this. There's not an American that doesn't understand that culture and the understanding that prohibition was a failure, so we repeat it again like we repeated Iraq after we had the failure of Vietnam.

When will we learn that the issue of drugs is a public health issue? Addiction is a public health issue and not a criminal issue where we throw people in jail and criminalize them to the no advancement to the people. If there's one group of people in this country that needs to face up to that problem and we have had to face up to it, that is the African American community.

Christopher Dodd: Let me add my voice in thanking Howard University for hosting us this evening and, Tavis, thank you as well. It's an appropriate first question that was asked here. To bring up the issue of education, of discrimination, at this wonderful institution is critically important.

The shame of all of this is that long before the decision was reached today or yesterday in the Seattle cases, the shame of re-segregation has been occurring for years in our country. The reality that our public educational system is today a segregated system and that we have not taken enough leadership over the years to understand the great damage that has done to our country. This evening, there will be many subjects that will be raised and important ones.

None is more important in my view than the issue of education. Whether or not from the earliest educational opportunity to the highest level of educational opportunity, this is the key to equal access to our society. It is something that can never be taken away from you if you get it. To say today that you're going to exclude race as a means of allowing for the diversity in our communities is a major step backwards.

As president of the United States, I would use whatever tools available to me to see to it that we reverse this decision today, get back on the track to see to it that our country once again will identify with the identity of unity as a nation, blind if you will, to the racial distinctions in our society. That's the only way we're going to deal with the new frontiers of the twenty-first century: the barrios, the ghettos, and the reservations of our society. That's what I stand for and that's what we'll achieve as a Democratic administration.

Tavis Smiley: I want to thank Crecilla Cohen Scott for her question. Crecilla, thank you very much. Please thank Crecilla for her question. It just seemed to make sense to us to start this conversation with a question from an everyday person in America.

Now I want to turn over this conversation to a terrific panel of journalists I've asked to join me in handling questions this evening, although I may use moderator discretion if necessary from time to time to remind you of that clock out there so you can know that we're keeping answers, by the way, to one minute per person.

First up, DeWayne Wickham, syndicated columnist for "USA Today" and the "Gannett News Service." Next, Michel Martin, former "Nightline" correspondent and now host of her own NPR show called "Tell Me More." And Ruben Navarrette, Jr., a nationally syndicated columnist and member of the editorial board of "The San Diego Union-Tribune." DeWayne Wickham's question will be answered first by Senator Joe Biden.

DeWayne Wickham: Thank you, Tavis. This question is about the leap between education and poverty. According to the Bureau of Labor statistics, in 2006 the unemployment rate of Black high school graduates was thirty-three percent higher than an unemployment rate for white high school dropouts. To what do you attribute this inequity which keeps many Black families locked in the grip of poverty?

Joe Biden: You know, DeWayne, one of the things that we all talk about is this achievement gap. We should remind everybody that the day before a Black child, a minority child, steps into a classroom, half the achievement gap already exists. That is, they already start behind. So the moment they walk into that school, they are already behind. That gap widens and it widens because we do not start school earlier.

We do not give single mothers in disadvantaged homes the opportunities that they need in order to know what to do to prepare their children. A mother who talks to her child on a regular basis from infancy to being a toddler, that child when it's two years old will have a vocabulary three hundred words more than a child not talked to.

So it's simple. You've got to start off and focus on the nurturing education of children when they're very young, particularly children from disadvantaged families. You've got to invest in starting kids in preschool at age four. They have a twenty percent better chance of graduating when they're there, and you've got to make sure as you go through the system that you have smaller classrooms, better teachers in the disadvantaged schools.

Tavis Smiley: Senator Biden?

Joe Biden: Time's up. Thank you.

Tavis Smiley: Thank you very much, sir.

Bill Richardson: Sometimes when I talk about education, and this is the first time we have talked about it in any debate, the first thing you hear is "How are you going to pay for it?" Nobody asks how we're going to pay for the war, but it's important to say that improving our schools, improving education, access to education to all Americans, should be America's foremost priority.

You know, I want to just state that, for the record, I am for a minimum wage for teachers. The key to a good education is to pay our teachers and have accountability. We have to make sure that we deal with this achievement gap. One out of two minorities in this country, one out of two African American or Latino kids don't make it through high school. They drop out.

That has to be combated with at-risk programs, with programs that deal with more parental involvement. We have to start early, universal preschool. We did this in New Mexico. We did this. Kids under four, full-day kindergarten. We have to have healthy breakfasts for every child. And finally, we have to find a way to give every American access to a college education.

Tavis Smiley: Thank you, sir. Senator Edwards?

John Edwards: Let me say first, DeWayne, this issue of poverty in America is the cause of my life. It's the reason I started a poverty center at the University of North Carolina. It's the reason I've been working so hard on this issue. I think the starting place is to understand that there is no one single cause of poverty.

You know, when you have young African American men who are completely convinced that they're either going to die or go to prison and see absolutely no hope in their lives, when they live in an environment where the people around don't earn a decent wage, when they go to schools that are second-class schools compared to the schools in wealthy suburban areas, they don't see anything getting better. There are lots of things we need to do.

I actually agree with what Senator Biden said about early childhood, but I think we should start much earlier than four years of age which is what the focus has been. I think it's also true that we need to pay teachers better. I think we ought to actually provide incentive pay to get our best teachers in the inner city schools and into poor rural areas where they're needed the most, but it goes beyond that.

We also have to make work pay for young men who are graduating from high school, the very group that you're describing, which means we're going to have to do a whole group of things. We need to significantly raise the minimum wage. We need to strengthen the right to organize and we need to help low-income families save so they're not prey to predatory lenders that are taking advantage of them today.

Tavis Smiley: Thank you, sir. Senator Obama?

Barack Obama: A number of the things that we've got to do have already been mentioned. Early childhood education, and John's exactly right, starts from birth. Where we can get parenting counselors to go in and work with at-risk parents, it makes an enormous difference. We've got to make sure that teachers are going to the schools that need them the most.

We're going to lose a million teachers over the next decade because the baby boom generation is retiring, so it's absolutely critical for us to give them the incentives and the tools and the training that they need not only to become excellent teachers, but to become excellent teachers where they're most needed. We're going to have to put more money into after-school programs and provide the resources that are necessary. When you've got a bill called No Child Left Behind, you can't leave the money behind for No Child Left Behind and, unfortunately, that's what's been done.

But the most important thing is that we recognize these children as our children. The reason that we have consistently had under-performance among our children is because too many of us think it is acceptable for them not to achieve. We have to have a mindset where we say to ourselves that every single child can learn if they're given the resources and the opportunities and right now that's not happening. We need somebody in the White House who's going to recognize these children as our own.

Dennis Kucinich: Dr. King recognized that, when there's a war, people of two countries suffer. Because what he was talking about was the link between war and fear and poverty as opposed to peace and security and prosperity. So when we shift the paradigm of this country away from war, then we start to have the resources which must be there for education, for universal pre-kindergarten, for fully-funded elementary and secondary education, for college for all.

But we have to remember that, with a nation right now that will spend anywhere from one to two trillion dollars on this war, that is money out of the educational lives of our children. We need to remember the connection. I'm ready to see at least a fifteen percent reduction in that bloated Pentagon budget, stop funding war, start funding education. That's where we get the money. Thank you.

Mike Gravel: Dennis, you're a little too modest on that. I think we could cut a little more than fifteen percent, very much so. Stop and think what the opportunity costs. You have heard these nostrums before. I've been watching your heads. You're nodding on all the programs. You heard it ten years ago, you've heard it twenty years ago. Why doesn't it change? The Democratic party hasn't done appreciably better than the Republican party in solving these problems. It has to be solved by the people, not by your leaders.

Stop and think. When he's talking about the money we're squandering, twenty-one million Americans could have a four-year college scholarship for the money we've squandered in Iraq. 7.6 million teachers could have been hired last year if we weren't squandering this money. Now how do you think we got into this problem? The people on this stage, like the rest of us, are all guilty and very guilty and we should recognize that because there is linkage.

Tavis Smiley: Time's up, I'm sorry. Senator Dodd?

Christopher Dodd: Thank you, Tavis. As I said at the outset of the first question, I don't believe there's any other issue as important as this one we'll discuss this evening as education. There's a lot of good talk here and I admire the fact that my colleagues here, the candidates, all care deeply about this issue. I stand before you as a candidate. We have to make a decision about who is our best candidate to win the presidency in 2008.

For twenty-six years through five terms of the United States Senate, I have dedicated myself to this issue. I'm very proud of the fact that Marian Wright Edelman of the Children's Defense Fund has come to me over and over again and proud to have authored the legislation to deal with the whole child, that authored the first child care legislation in this country, to begin in the earliest days to make sure that parents have the assurance that there will be a quality place for their child to be, an affordable place, an available place. Then to begin with early childhood education, to see to it that we'd have a good Head Start program.

I'm proud of the fact that I was called the Senator of the Decade by the National Head Start Association. I have walked the walk on these issues. I am committed to these issues. There's nothing that will be a higher priority to me as president of the United States than to see to it that America's children from the earliest days of their arrival, certainly through the upper education branches of our educational system, have the equal opportunity. None of us here can guarantee success, but we have an obligation to guarantee an opportunity to that success. The key to that door is the education of the American child.

Tavis Smiley: Thank you, Senator.

Hillary Clinton: Well, I really believe that it takes a village to raise a child and the American village has failed our children. We have heard absolutely the right prescription. I have fought for more than thirty-five years for early childhood education, for more mentoring, for more parent education programs, to get our children off to a good start. I have fought to make sure that schools were fair to all children. That's the work I did in Arkansas to try to raise the standards particularly for the poorest of our children and most especially for minority children.

Certainly in the White House years and now in the Senate, I've continued that effort because I don't think there is a more important issue. But I also believe we cannot separate the education part from the economic part. There is still discrimination in the workplace. There are still people who are turned down and turned away who have qualifications and skills that should make them employable, so this is a broader issue that we have to address.

Tavis Smiley: The next question from Michel Martin of NPR will be answered first by Governor Richardson.

Michel Martin: Thank you, Tavis. Good evening, Governor. Good evening, candidates. I'm sure you'll agree there are a lot of beautiful young people out here in the audience today and are very pleased to be here and conversing, so you can imagine how disturbed we were to find out from the Centers for Disease Control that African Americans are seventeen percent of all American teenagers, they are sixty-nine percent of the population of teenagers diagnosed most with HIV-AIDS. Governor and candidates, what is the plan to stop and to protect these young people from this scourge?

Bill Richardson: It is a moral imperative that America have a policy to fight this dreaded disease, both nationally and internationally. You got to make some tough choices. First, we have to use needles. We have to be sure that we have efforts in the African American community, in minority communities, to have comprehensive education. In addition, we have to deal with Africa. Close to twenty percent of the African people have some kind of HIV virus.

It's important that the president of the United States make a major funding effort, a major commitment, to deal with this issue. Here I'm going to say something positive about President Bush. His funding for Millennium Accountability and Millennium Appropriations has been relatively impressive. I believe it's important that not only we deal with this issue in this country, bringing condoms, finding ways to increase needles, penetrating minority outreach in communities. That's how to deal with it.

Tavis Smiley: Thank you very much. Senator Edwards?

John Edwards: Thank you very much for the question. African American women are twenty-five times as likely to be infected with AIDS today in America than white women. Over half of the new diagnoses of AIDS in America are African Americans. So this is obviously having a disproportionate effect on people of color and on the African American community.

I was in a medical center in Los Angeles just a few days ago where they're providing treatment and help first to determine whether they have AIDS and, second, to provide them the treatment and the drugs that they need. But we shouldn't be dependent on private funding to do what needs to be done about a scourge that exists in America and particularly exists among African Americans in America.

Here are the three things I think we need to do. First, we need to fully fund finding a cure for AIDS so we can end this scourge once and for all. Second, we need to fully fund the legislation, the law known as Ryan White, to make sure that the treatment is available for anybody who's diagnosed with AIDS. Then finally, we need to ensure that Medicaid covers AIDS drugs and AIDS treatment to make sure that people get the treatment they need, particularly low-income families who are diagnosed with AIDS.

Tavis Smiley: Senator Obama?

Barack Obama: I think John's prescriptions are right. I would add the issue of prevention involves education and one of the things that we've got to overcome is a stigma that still exists in our communities. We don't talk about this. We don't talk about in the schools. Sometimes we don't talk about it in the churches. It has been an aspect of sometimes a homophobia, that we don't address this issue as clearly as it needs to be. I also think there's a broader issue here. This is going to be true on all the issues we talk about.

The problems of poverty, like of health care, like of educational opportunity, are all interconnected. To some degree, the African American community is weakened. It has a disease to its immune system. When we are impoverished, when people don't have jobs, they are more likely to be afflicted not just with AIDS, but with substance abuse problems, with guns in the streets.

So it is important for us to look at the whole body here and make absolutely certain that we are providing the kinds of economic development opportunities and jobs that will create healthy communities, that we've got universal health care that ensures the people can get regular treatments. Those are the kinds of strategies that, over the long term, are going to make a difference in our communities.

Tavis Smiley: Thank you, sir.

Dennis Kucinich: When you think about the statistics that have been cited here, you realize that it's time to get real about health care and education in America. We need to understand that the ability of our public schools to be able to communicate sex education as a priority at the early age helps children understand the consequences of their actions. But there's another dimension here too. That is we have a nation of such wealth, yet we have forty-six million Americans without any health insurance. Another fifty million under-insured.

It's time for us to make every American know that they should have access. It is a basic right in a Democratic society. We should be able to fund all those diseases where people are suffering and they need care, but we have to end that for-profit medicine. It is time to take the for-profit insurance companies out of the business. Michael Moore is right about this, by the way, and have a not-for-profit health care where everyone is covered.

Tavis Smiley: Senator Gravel?

Mike Gravel: I touched on it earlier. The scourge of our present society, particularly the African American community, is the war on drugs. I'll repeat it again as a challenge to my colleagues on this stage. If they really want to do something about the inner cities, if they really want to do something about what's happening to the health of the African American community, it's time to end this war.

There's no reason to continue it in the slightest. All it does is create criminals out of people who are not criminals. Education, yes. Health care, yes. But understand that the health care that we're talking about, by and large, is going backwards. We're subsidizing the insurance companies and all the plans that I've heard of except Dennis' is a continued subsidization of the insurance companies. Please put pressure on these people to step up and end this war on drugs which is ravishing your communities.

Tavis Smiley: Senator, thank you. Senator Dodd?

Christopher Dodd: Well, thank you. I want to certainly underscore a number of the suggestions that have been made on dealing with this. I'd add another addition and that is the need for far broader usage of school-based clinics in our society where children have the opportunity to be able to confront and talk with people that may be willing to give them the kind of sound advice they need on sexual education and the like.

But also each and every one of us can play a role in this. There's a job obviously for government here in funding and support, but I believe that each and every citizen bears a responsibility to reach out and do what they can to educate a child. Our churches are doing this in many ways. We need to do a better job in our schools, inviting parents and insisting there be more participation in our school systems.

It isn't just HIV-AIDS. The minority community, the African American community in our country, suffers from a lack of access to a wide variety of health care needs. Infant mortality among the Black community is two and a half times what it is in the white community. The problems of cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, you go down the long list. It isn't just AIDS. It's a wide range of these issues.

We need to begin to address this issue by understanding that it isn't just universal coverage, but access to that coverage and to understand there's a variety of issues that need to be addressed in addition to HIV-AIDS, but each and every one of us as citizens can make a difference.

Tavis Smiley: Senator Clinton?

Christopher Dodd: Tavis, I was going to say I'll take global warming for six hundred. I thought maybe you had --

Tavis Smiley: -- and I, Senator Dodd, was going to say were you Paris Hilton, you'd have an hour, but you're not (laughter).

Hillary Clinton: That was good, Tavis. You know, it is hard to disagree with anything that has been said, but let me just put this in perspective. If HIV-AIDS were the leading cause of death of white women between the ages of twenty-five and thirty-four, there would be an outraged outcry in this country.

So let me quickly say before I get compared to Paris Hilton (laughter) that, yes, we have to do all of this and I'm working on this. I'm working to get Medicaid to cover treatment. I'm working to raise the budget for Ryan White which the Bush administration has kept flat, disgracefully so, because there are a lot of women particularly who are becoming infected in poor rural areas as well as under-served urban areas in states where frankly their state governments won't give them medical care.

So this is a multiple dimension problem. But if we don't begin to take it seriously and address it the way we did back in the 90s when it was primarily a gay men's disease, we will never get the services and the public education that we need.

Tavis Smiley: Senator Biden?

Joe Biden: I will try to answer your question directly. You said how do we prevent the seventeen-year-olds from getting HIV-AIDS? How do you prevent that? All the things that were said here are good ideas. They don't prevent that. What's happened is there's a policy of neglect, denial and lack of honesty out there.

The fact of the matter is, as Hillary points out, there's neglect on the part of the medical and the white community focusing on educating the minority community out there. I spent last summer going through the Black sections of my town holding rallies in parks, trying to get Black men to understand that it's not unmanly to wear a condom, getting women to understand they can say no, getting people in the position where testing matters.

I got tested for AIDS. I know Barack got tested for AIDS. There's no shame in being tested for AIDS. It's an important thing because the fact of the matter is, in the communities engaged in denial, no one wants to talk about it in the community and we do not have enough leaders in the community and outside the community demanding we face the reality, confront the men in the community as well as the women, letting them know there are alternatives.

Tavis Smiley: Thank you.

Barack Obama: Tavis, I just got to make clear that I got tested with Michelle when we were in Kenya in Africa, so I don't want any confusion here about what's going on.

Joe Biden: Well, I got tested to save my life because I had a blood transfusion.

Barack Obama: I was tested with my wife.

Tavis Smiley: And I'm sure Michelle appreciates you clarifying that.

Barack Obama: In public.

Tavis Smiley: Let me take the moderator's privilege. We unapologetically tonight want to cover as much as we can and I know the candidates appreciate topics they haven't had a chance to address heretofore. So after the question that Mr. Navarrette will ask that will be first answered by Senator Edwards, we will then cut your responses to thirty seconds to cover more subject matter tonight and I thank you for your cooperation.

John Edwards: I will have thirty seconds on this one?

Tavis Smiley: You have a minute to answer this question, then we'll go to thirty seconds for the remainder of the conversation. Mr. Navarrette?

Ruben Navarrette, Jr.: Thank you, Tavis. This week, billionaire Warren Buffett said that the very wealthy aren't taxed nearly enough. In fact, he noted that he's taxed at a lower rate than some of his employees who earn much less. Do you agree that the rich aren't paying their fair share of taxes and, if so, what would you do about it?

John Edwards: Well, in fact, I've heard Warren Buffett himself talk about the genetic lottery that we have in America where the family you're born into has an awful lot to do with what happens with your life. What we want to do, I think, is live in an America where, no matter who your family is or what the color of your skin or where you were born, everybody gets the same chance to do well and people who have done well ought to have more responsibility to pay back to the country and to the community and those around them.

I think there are at least a couple things we need to do. First, we need to get rid of George Bush's tax cuts for rich people which have distorted the tax system in America. I would use that money to pay for universal health care to make sure everyone's covered.

But the second problem that he's talking about is, we have a capital gains rate, fifteen percent, which is the rate that most people pay on their investment income like Warren Buffett that's significantly lower than the tax rate that his secretary pays. That's not right. There is a moral disconnect. We ought to honor work in this country and not just wealth.

Tavis Smiley: Thank you, sir.

Barack Obama: There's no doubt that the tax system has been skewed and, the Bush tax cuts, people didn't need them and they weren't even asking for them and that's why they need to be lapsed so we can pay for universal health care and other initiatives. But I think this goes to a broader question and that is, are we willing to make the investments in genuine equal opportunity in this country?

People aren't looking for charity and one of the stressing things sometimes when we have a conversation about race in America is that we talk about welfare and we talk about poverty, but what people really want is fairness. They want people paying their fair share of taxes. They want that money allocated fairly.

One of the distressing things about Katrina was the fact not only that the Bush administration did not respond, but the tragedy had happened before the hurricane struck. That is because we had not made systematic investments and the only way we're going to make it is by making sure that those of us who are fortunate enough to have the money actually make a contribution for all the programs that we've been talking about tonight.

Tavis Smiley: Congressman?

Dennis Kucinich: There's three questions involved here. What are we taxed, who is paying and how are our tax dollars spent? Right now, we know that those who are in the highest brackets are not paying a fair share. We understand that. And we also understand that a lot of these corporations are taking their business offshore so they can offshore their profits and escape paying tens of billions of dollars in taxation.

We also know that our tax dollars right now are being spent overwhelmingly on war and military buildups. I want to see a new direction. I want to see the wealthy pay their fair share. I want to make sure that these corporations, if they have an American name, they have to pay taxes here and I want to see the end of war as an instrument of policy.

Tavis Smiley: Senator Gravel?

Mike Gravel: I want to say that none of you are going to live in your lifetime to see our system of taxation change based upon what you've heard here. I was eight years on a Finance Committee. None of them have served on that committee and, I'll tell you, the code stands that high and there's not a human being alive that understands it. It's with Democrats, with Republicans. They take care of the people.

You think it's an accident that all of a sudden we wake up and the wealthy aren't paying a fair share? The only way they're going to pay a fair share is wipe out the income tax. It is corrupt. It is corrupting our society. Begin to put a place a tax that everybody will know what everybody is paying, and that's a retail sales tax. You can make it as progressive as you want. Keep in mind, a tax where everybody will know what everybody is paying. You won't see it with this.

Tavis Smiley: Senator Dodd?

Christopher Dodd: Thank you, Tavis. I happen to believe very strongly that our tax and fiscal policies ought to reflect our moral values. Our tax and fiscal policies ought to be fair, responsible and pro growth as well. We live in a society where obviously it's going to be important to expand our economy so that jobs can be created and businesses can grow and people have an opportunity in this life. I'm deeply disappointed, as many.

We had a very good period of time, I might say, under the Clinton administration where we balanced the budget. We had a tax policy that was much more fair. We need to get back to those days again where we had that kind of fiscal policy. One of the taxes that needs to be addressed because we're losing manufacturing jobs in this country. We today reward industries that leave America by giving them tax breaks. I would like to see us reward companies that stay in our inner cities, go to places where jobs ought to be created. That ought to be a part of our tax policies.

Tavis Smiley: Senator Clinton?

Hillary Clinton: Well, I clearly think that our economy was working a lot better in the 1990s. We had the creation of twenty-two million new jobs, a balanced budget and a surplus. Certainly, when the Bush administration came in, they were determined to tilt the balance back toward the privileged. We are paying a very big price for this because middle class and working families are paying a much higher percentage of their income.

That was Warren Buffett's position that he pays about seventeen percent because, don't forget, it's the payroll tax plus the income tax. When you cut off the contribution at $90,000 or $95,000, that's a lot of money between $95,000 and the $46 million that Warren Buffett made last year. He's honest enough to say, look, tax me because I'm a patriotic American and I want to make sure our country stays strong and is fair. So, yes, we have to change the tax system and we've got to get back to having those with the most contribute to this country.

Tavis Smiley: Thank you, Senator. Senator Biden?

Joe Biden: Warren Buffett is right. I would eliminate the tax cut for the wealthy. They didn't ask for it, as someone earlier said. They don't need it. They're as patriotic as anyone else if you ask them. We've asked nothing of them. The second point is, understand what happened this last election in 2000. The first time in our history since we had the federal income tax, there was a fundamental shift of the burden from people who were wage earners away from people who were investors.

For the first time in our history, we are in a position where those who are the wage earners are paying a bigger chunk than they should. It's got to shift back and the basis for them doing that is they really believe the wealthy know better. They think we don't know how. Average folks don't know how to make the economy work. It's all about their ideology. It's got to fundamentally change. You have to tax investment and you've got to give a break to wage earners.

Tavis Smiley: Thank you. Governor?

Bill Richardson: There's no question that there's tax unfairness in this country, but we have to rebuild the economy. Yes, the Bush tax cuts, the two percent, that has to go. But I would replace those Bush tax cuts with tax cuts for the middle class. I would reward companies that pay over the prevailing wage, that go into the inner cities, that go into rural areas. I would also have tax-free holidays for technology startups. Three years if they train people in the inner city, if they hire people over the prevailing wage.

We need to rebuild this economy by being pro growth Democrats. We should be the party of innovation, of entrepreneurship, of building capital, getting capital for African American small businesses. We need to find a way in this country that we say that globalization must work for the middle class. We need to find ways also to use the tax code not just to simplify it, but to make it fair and also to generate jobs and reward entities in this country --

Tavis Smiley: -- thank you, sir.

Bill Richardson: I'm almost finished.

Tavis Smiley: Yes, you are, and I thank you. As I asked your cooperation of a moment ago, again, we unapologetically wanted this conversation to be different to cover as much as we could in terms of subject matter. So DeWayne Wickham's question now will be answered first by Senator Obama. Thirty seconds and we'll cover a lot more ground. Thank you.

DeWayne Wickham: Okay, please stay with me on this one. According to FBI data, Blacks were roughly twenty-nine percent of persons arrested in this country between 1996 and 2005. Whites were seventy percent of people arrested during this period, yet at the end of this ten-year period, whites were forty percent of those who were inmates in this country and Blacks were approximately thirty-eight percent. What does this data suggest to you?

Barack Obama: That the criminal justice system is not colorblind. It does not work for all people equally and that is why it's critical to have a president who sends a signal that we are going to have a system of justice that is not just us, but is everybody.

This is something that I've got a track record working on at the state level where a lot of the criminal justice issues come up. That's why I passed racial profiling legislation at the state level. That's why I passed legislation to make sure that we didn't have wrongful convictions, but it requires some political courage because oftentimes you are accused of being soft on crime when you deal with these issues.

Tavis Smiley: Thank you, sir. I love you, but I'm trying to keep this moving.

Dennis Kucinich: As president, I'll have an attorney general who's going to be sensitive to the very issues that you raise. First of all, we need to seek to end mandatory minimums. We know who's serving those mandatory minimums. Second, we need to have the emphasis with respect to drug offenses on rehabilitation, not incarceration. And third, as president I'll do everything I can to end the federal death penalty which I've already introduced legislation for in the past because we need to have an approach that recognizes the discrimination which exists in our justice system.

Tavis Smiley: Senator Gravel?

Mike Gravel: Is it a surprise to anybody in this room that, if you don't have any money, you don't get any justice? Is that a surprise to you all? My gracious, the only way you're going to get justice is to turn around and empower yourselves to become lawmakers so you can change the system, and there's no thought of really changing the system today. It's politics as usual.

Tavis Smiley: Senator Dodd?

Christopher Dodd: Well, I agree. I think the mandatory minimum sentencing has been a disaster. I'm a strong supporter of Charlie Rangel's efforts here to eliminate the distinction between crack cocaine and powdered cocaine. That'll have a big difference in terms of who actually goes to jail in this country. Then obviously as well, we need to have a justice department that is not going to be politicized as we've watched this one with U.S. attorneys who do the political work rather than doing the justice's work in our country. As president, I will insist upon that. I'm sure the rest of my colleagues will get better justice with Democrats in the White House.

Tavis Smiley: Senator Clinton?

Hillary Clinton: In order to tackle this problem, we have to do all of these things. Number one, we do have to go after racial profiling. I've supported legislation to try to tackle that. Number two, we have to go after mandatory minimums. There are mandatory sentences for certain violent crimes that may be appropriate, but has been too widely used and it is using now a discriminatory impact.

Three, we need diversion like drug courts. Nonviolent offenders should not be serving hard time in our prisons. They need to be diverted from our prison system. We need to make sure that we do deal with the distinction between crack and powdered cocaine and ultimately we need an attorney general and a system of justice that truly does treat people equally and that has not happened under this administration.

Tavis Smiley: Senator Biden?

Joe Biden: As you well know, the bulk of the inequities at the state level, not at the federal number, number one. Number two, we need diversion out of the system. I'm the guy that wrote the drug court legislation that is in the law right now. Number three, you have to eliminate the disparity between crack and powdered cocaine. I've introduced legislation to do that, one to one, no difference.

And number four, you have to find a way in which you insist from a federal level the states in fact apply the law equally. They don't through the speedy trial act. The state's 650,000 people come out of the jail and the state prisons and 300,000 will come out addicted from the prison this year.

Tavis Smiley: Governor?

Bill Richardson: Carved at the marble top of the U.S. Supreme Court, it says "Equal Justice Under Law." This country has had two hundred years, yet today sixty-eight percent of those in jail are minorities. In your own book, Tavis, you say that one out of three African American males spend some time in jail. That is wrong and what we need is a strategy to deal with poverty. Expand the earned income tax credit. Increase the minimum wage. Have a living wage in this country. Find ways to expand child care. Find ways also to let Americans join a union. This will not only give them more health care, but more accountability and the ability to protect themselves.

Tavis Smiley: Thank you. Senator Edwards?

John Edwards: Tavis, everything that's been said is correct. Changing mandatory minimum, changing the disparity between crack and powdered cocaine, having a system that's fair. If you're African American, you're more likely to be charged with a crime. If you're charged with a crime, you're more likely to be convicted of the crime. If you're convicted of the crime, you're more likely to get a severe sentence. There is no question that our justice system is not colorblind, but can we also create an infrastructure for success for those who are charged and convicted for the first time so that we help them with drug counseling, job counseling, job training, education? Help them get back into the community with some chance of changing their lives.

Tavis Smiley: Thank you, sir. Michel Martin's next question will be answered first by Congressman Dennis Kucinich. Michel?

Michel Martin: Congressman, would you support a federal law guaranteeing the right to return to New Orleans and other Gulf regions devastated by Hurricane Katrina based on the United Nations human rights standards governing the internal displacement of citizens?

Dennis Kucinich: Absolutely. What happened in New Orleans in the aftermath and how it was dealt with underscores everything that's wrong in this country about race. First of all, New Orleans wouldn't have happened if the government had been more sensitive to make sure that those levies had been repaired when they were told they were supposed to be repaired.

Secondly, New Orleans represents hope also because we have to make sure people have a chance to return and they should be guaranteed that. They should also be guaranteed jobs. I held a hearing yesterday in my Domestic Policy Subcommittee which shows that people in New Orleans aren't getting jobs. They're hiring people from outside and, sometimes when they get jobs, they aren't being paid. We've got to change that. We must change it.

Tavis Smiley: Michel, on this end, they could not hear the question. Could you repeat it again right quick?

Michel Martin: Okay. The question is, would you support a federal law guaranteeing the right to return to New Orleans and other Gulf regions devastated by Hurricane Katrina based on the United Nations human rights standards governing the internal displacement of citizens -- I can go further, that includes the requirement that authorities establish conditions and provides the means to allow internally displaced persons to return voluntarily in safety and dignity?

Tavis Smiley: Thank you. Senator Gravel, thirty seconds.

Mike Gravel: The answer is yes. Just keep in mind that, if we weren't squandering our treasure on this terrible war that we didn't have to start, we would have four million housing units available and a good portion of them could go to Katrina residents.

Tavis Smiley: Senator Dodd?

Christopher Dodd: I would as well. New Orleans and Katrina have become a symbol of everything that went wrong with this administration's failure to respond to a people in need. I can think of no better way to have New Orleans and Katrina, that event, become a symbol of what we can do right in this country by giving people the opportunity to come back and the support they will need to regain their lives. This is an American city. Anywhere else in America, we'd want to step up and see to it that people would get that help. This is the least we ought to be able to do to see to it that they get their lives back together.

Tavis Smiley: Senator Clinton?

Hillary Clinton: I have proposed a ten-point Gulf Coast recovery agenda because it sort of is a chicken-and-an-egg issue, Michel. First, we've got to get the hospitals back up. We've got to get the law enforcement and the fire departments. You know, right now this administration has basically neglected with all criminal indifference the rebuilding of the Gulf Coast, in particular New Orleans and the Parishes.

So even if we were to give people a right, there is nothing to return to. We have got to rebuild New Orleans and it's not only the protection from the levees. It is all the infrastructure and until very recently, the administration would not give the people of New Orleans the same right we had after 9/11 which was to get FEMA money without a ten percent match. We finally got that changed, but it was outrageous that it took so long.

Tavis Smiley: Senator Biden?

Joe Biden: The U.S. Constitution should be sufficient. We don't need to go to the United Nations. All we got to do is step up. We got to step up and pay to rebuild those fire houses, pay to bring those cops back, pay to rebuild those hospitals. It is a nation's problem. It is not the problem merely of the people of Louisiana or New Orleans. This is an American city incapable on its own of doing this. It's an American problem. We should guarantee the reconstruction.

Tavis Smiley: Governor?

Bill Richardson: The answer to your question is, yes, I would support that. I would also support the Katrina Recovery Act of Representative Waters. This has been the most disgraceful episode in an American response to help our own people. What we need to do in this country is not just atone for a miserable performance before, during and after Katrina, but for the future. One, we need to make sure that FEMA is directly under the president. Secondly, we need to make sure that we eliminate the ten percent match. They did it for 9/11 in New York. They ought to do it for this situation. Third, we should get rid of all the burdensome loans that are taken out. We also need to say to the insurance companies that you have to insure these people and rebuild homes in Louisiana.

Tavis Smiley: Senator Edwards?

John Edwards: This is an issue I care about personally and deeply. As many of you know, I announced my presidential campaign from the Ninth Ward of New Orleans. We took seven hundred college kids down to help rebuild who gave up their spring break to work with me and others to help rebuild New Orleans. I'm proud of those kids. We have a huge responsibility.

As president, I will make one person, a very high-level competent person in the White House, responsible for reporting to me every day of what he did in New Orleans yesterday. And then I'll say the next day, "What did you do yesterday?" What we should do is allow the people of New Orleans to rebuild their own city. We ought to pay them a decent wage, give them health care coverage, instead of having big multinational corporations get billion dollar contracts with the government.

Tavis Smiley: Senator Obama?

Barack Obama: Well, let me finish John's thought because it's an important one. Halliburton or Bechtel or these other operations getting the contracts to rebuild, instead of giving the people in New Orleans the opportunity to rebuild and get jobs and training, is a further compounding of the outrage. I think that what's most important, though, that we have a president who is in touch with the needs of New Orleans before the hurricane hits.

Because part of the reason that we had such a tragedy was the assumption that everybody could jump in their SUVs, load up with sparkling water and check into the nearest hotel. We've got to have one person in charge. We've got to have a FEMA director that's reporting to the president, but we have to have a president who understands the reality that people in New Orleans were being neglected prior to the hurricane and there are potential Katrinas all across this country that have been left unattended.

Tavis Smiley: Thank you. Ruben's question will be answered first by Senator Gravel. Yes, Ruben?

Ruben Navarrette, Jr.: A lot of Americans are concerned with outsourcing of U.S. jobs. Most corporations, I think it's fair to say, don't show that concern. In fact, they argue that we're living in a global economy and Americans have to compete in that environment. Which side are you on and, if you agree that outsourcing is a problem, what's your solution?

Mike Gravel: Outsourcing is not the problem. What is the problem is our trade agreements that we have that benefit the management and, of course, the shareholders and have neglected on either side of the issue whether it's in Mexico or in other countries or the United States. That's the problem that must be addressed. So, no, it's not outsourcing. But I would add to it that it's the way all these people want to finance health care on the backs of businesses that make them noncompetitive in the world. That's part of the problem and our system of taxation is also part of the problem because it makes us noncompetitive in the world.

Tavis Smiley: Senator Dodd?

Christopher Dodd: It's a huge issue here. The fact of the matter is, we're exporting a lot of valuable jobs in this country and we shouldn't be doing it. I offered legislation that was passed that prohibited the Defense Department from outsourcing contracts going off our shores here when many hardworking Americans ought to be allowed to do those jobs. I talked earlier about providing the tax incentives.

When you have people literally driving to the international airports to fly to some country to provide some funding for a local project in those nations, bypassing the very communities that could very well use those kind of jobs and economic growth, that is wrong. I will continue to do what I can to see to it that we limit outsourcing of American jobs.

Tavis Smiley: Senator Clinton?

Hillary Clinton: Well, outsourcing is a problem and it's one that I've dealt with as a senator from New York. I started an organization called New Jobs for New York to try to stand against the tide of outsourcing, particularly from upstate New York and from rural areas. We have to do several things. End the tax breaks that still exist in the tax code for outsourcing jobs. Have trade agreements with enforceable labor and environmental standards.

Help Americans compete, which is something we haven't taken seriously which goes back to the very first question about education and skills. Let's not forget that sixty-five percent of kids do not go on to college. What are we doing to help them get prepared for the jobs that we could keep here that wouldn't be outsourced? And find a new source of jobs. Clean energy, global warming, would create millions of new jobs for Americans.

Tavis Smiley: Senator Biden?

Joe Biden: I agree with everything that was said here, but the bottom line here is that eliminating the tax breaks is not going to keep jobs here in America. We've got to make it more attractive to have jobs here in America and for corporations to be here. You've got to take the burden off the corporations with a health care system that's universal so we're not at a competitive disadvantage.

You've got to have a better education system to provide for the highest tech jobs that we educate our folks for so we're not importing 400,000 computer engineers to work in Silicon Valley, and you've got to deal with the innovation and infrastructure needs in this country, tunnels, bridges, etc., which we haven't done to make us more competitive.

Tavis Smiley: Governor Richardson?

Bill Richardson: Outsourcing is a problem. Most outsourcing jobs are technical. We need to upgrade our science and math standards in our schools. It's education. And I would create two hundred fifty science and math academies with that gap. In addition to that, what we need is trade agreements, fair trade agreements, where we say no slave labor, no child labor.

We're going to have environmental protection. We're going to have to deal with wage disparity and also I would have a different attitude towards the private sector. I would say to the private sector, "What is it going to take to keep you here?" I would have an industrial policy where we invest in high growth industries, in health industries, in high-tech and renewable energy, to keep those jobs here.

Tavis Smiley: Senator Edwards?

John Edwards: Well, let me say first, this is something I don't have to read about in a book. I've seen it up close. I saw what happened when the mill that my dad worked in all his life and I worked in myself when I was young closed and the jobs went somewhere else. It was not just devastating to him and his pride and his dignity. It was devastating to the community.

The same thing has happened all over country. I think a lot of the things that have been said are true. America's got to compete. We have to be the best educated, most innovative workforce on the plant. We also need trade agreements with real environmental labor standards that the president of the United States is willing to enforce. Third, we need to eliminate all tax breaks for companies who are taking their jobs overseas and getting a tax break for doing it.

Tavis Smiley: Senator Obama?

Barack Obama: I now live in Chicago, but I'm not originally from Chicago. I moved there to work with churches who were dealing with the devastation of steel plants that had closed all throughout the region. Tens of thousands of people had been laid off. There was never a federal effort to come in after those closings and to figure out how can we retain workers for the jobs of the future, how can we invest and make sure capital is available to create new businesses in those communities.

So not only do we have to deal with our trade agreements, not only do we have to eliminate tax breaks for companies that are moving overseas, not only do we have to work on our education system, but we also have to have an intentional strategy on the part of the federal government to make sure that we are reinvesting in those communities that are being burdened by globalization and not benefiting from it.

Tavis Smiley: Congressman?

Dennis Kucinich: I've stood behind plant gates that were locked where grass was growing in the parking lots where they used to make steel, they used to make bicycles, washing machines and now there's grass growing in the parking lots. I know what the solution is and you do too. I want to challenge my fellow candidates. One of my first acts in office will be to cancel NAFTA and the WTO and go back to trade conditioned on workers' rights, human rights and environmental quality principles. That's what we must do. A Democratic administration started NAFTA. A Democratic administration will end it.

Tavis Smiley: As I look at my watch, we're down to about five minutes in this conversation. This will be the last question, unfortunately. We've done a good job of covering a variety of subject matter different than the previous conversation. DeWayne, very quickly, this will be the last question and it will start with Senator Dodd.

DeWayne Wickham: This question is about Darfur. This is the second time that our nation has had a chance to do something about genocide in Africa. The first came in Rwanda in 1994 when we did nothing as more than a half-million people were slaughtered there. What does this country's unwillingness to move aggressively to end the slaughters that take place in Darfur today, what does it say about our claim to moral leadership?

Christopher Dodd: Well, unfortunately, as a result of our conflict in Iraq, the sustaining of a military presence there, we've lost our moral authority unfortunately. As a result of that, our ability to mobilize the world on issues like Darfur has been severely damaged. But the United States should be able to take some unilateral action here in providing the kind of protection for people who are being slaughtered in that country. In the meantime, get our military out of Iraq, as I planned and offered to do, and thus regain that stature which we need to be doing as a nation in this world and to be able to build those coalitions to respond to an issue like Darfur. But in the meantime, the United States ought to act.

Tavis Smiley: Very quickly, Senator Clinton?

Hillary Clinton: There are three things we have to do immediately. Move the peacekeepers that finally the United Nations and the African Union have agreed to into Sudan as soon as possible. In order for them to be effective, there has to be airlift and logistical support and that can only come either unilaterally from the United States or from NATO. I prefer NATO.

Initially, we should have a no-fly zone over Sudan because the Sudanese government bombed the villages before and after the Janjaweed come and we should make it very clear to the government in Khartoum that we're putting up a no-fly zone. If they fly into it, we will shoot down their planes. It's the only way to get their attention.

Tavis Smiley: Senator Biden?

Joe Biden: I have been calling for three years to stop talking and start acting. We don't have to wait to get out of Iraq to regain our moral authority. We've lost part of our moral authority because we stood by and watched this carnage. If need be, if the rest of the world will not act, we should and should have already, two years, imposed a no-fly zone and we should have, two years ago, absent the willingness of the rest of the world to act, put American troops on the ground to stop the carnage.

Tavis Smiley: Thank you, sir. Governor Richardson?

Bill Richardson: You know, in the last debate, I upset some people because I said we should use the levers on China on them hosting the Olympics to do something on Darfur. You know, I believe that fighting genocide is more important than sports. So what I would like to do is, one, a no-fly zone. Get economic sanctions back by the Europeans. We need to find ways to stop the massive rapes. I was in Darfur three months ago. Today a report by Refugees International laid out a plan to deal with that. We should not forget about Africa. American policy makers should take stands on Africa, not just the Middle East and Iraq.

Tavis Smiley: Senator Edwards?

John Edwards: I agree on a no-fly zone. We need to get a security force on the ground, sanctions, need to put pressure on the Chinese. But Darfur is part of the bigger question for America, which is how do we reestablish ourselves after Iraq as a force for good in the world again? I think there are lots of things we ought to do.

Instead of spending $500 billion dollars in Iraq, suppose America led an effort to make primary school education available to a hundred million children of the world who have no education, including in Africa? Where would we land on stopping the spread of disease, sanitation, clean drinking water and economic development?

Tavis Smiley: Just a few seconds, Senator Obama.

Barack Obama: The no-fly zone is important. Having the protective force is critical. But we have to look at Africa not just after a crisis happens. What are we doing with respect to trade opportunities with Africa? What are we doing in terms of investment in Africa? What are we doing to pay attention to Africa consistently with respect to our foreign policy? That has been what's missing in the White House and our long-term security is going to depend on whether we're giving children in Sudan and Zimbabwe and Kenya the same opportunities so that they have a stake in order as opposed to violence and chaos.

Tavis Smiley: Congressman, I've got fifteen seconds for you and fifteen seconds for Senator Gravel. Very quickly.

Dennis Kucinich: It's time for the United States to stop looking at Africa as a place where our corporations can exploit the people. I mean, let's face it. If Darfur had a large supply of oil, this administration would be occupying it right now. We need to stop giving Sudan a pass on --

Tavis Smiley: -- Congressman, I have to cut you off. I got to get at least a quick response from Senator Gravel.

Mike Gravel: Very simply. If we have a president, he has to have moral judgment. Most of the people on this stage with me do not have that judgment and have proven it by the simple fact of what they've done.

Tavis Smiley: We are up against the clock. My thanks to all. Please thank all the candidates joining us tonight. We'll see you again September 27th for the Republican All-American Presidential Forum. Until then, good night from Washington. Thanks for watching and, as always, keep the faith.

Announcer: For more information about the All-American Presidential Forums, visit our website at pbs.org.

Funding for Tavis Smiley's All-American Presidential Forums on PBS has been provided by the National Minority Consortia's 2008 Election Initiative.

With support from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting.

And by the California Endowment seeking to transform and improve the health of a new generation of California's children, youth and families. The California Endowment, building healthier communities.

And from contributions to your PBS station from viewers like you. Thank you.