The Indian government enacted article 370, an addition to its constitution which granted Jammu-Kashmir a special state status and increased autonomy.

Pakistan signed an agreement with the U.S. saying Washington
will come to Pakistan's aid in a time of war. Islamabad had agreed to host U.S. military bases; its location was strategic in the U.S.'s Cold War positioning against the Soviet Union. That relationship was renewed in 1959.

India, meanwhile, practiced a policy of nonalignment, refusing to ally itself with any bloc or alliance -- especially those of the U.S.
or Soviet Union.