Bursts of violence in August 1965 between Pakistanis and Indians ignited the second major war between the bitter neighbors. The cities of Punjab and Kashmir endured the majority of ground battles and air strikes.

After both sides suffered thousands of casulaties and the war reached a stalemate, the U.N. Security Council passed a new resolution in September 1965 calling for a ceasefire and the withdrawal of Pakistani and Indian troops.

On January 10, 1966, the Pakistani President Ayub Khan and Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri signed the Tashkent Agreement in former Soviet state Uzbekistan. The agreement ordered both India and Pakistan to withdraw their troops by February that year to their pre-war borders.