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REGION: Asia-Pacific
TOPIC: Politics
Online NewsHour
IN-DEPTH COVERAGE
India and Pakistan: 60 Years of IndependenceIndia and Pakistan: 60 Years of Independence
BACKGROUND REPORTPosted: August 21, 2007     
Once Bloody Memories of Partition Fade Among Pakistani, Indian Youth
Twenty-year-old Vidhi Godiawala spent India's 60th Independence Day in mid-August celebrating the way most college students would: studying for final exams with scenes of the festivities playing on a television in the background.

Indian students. Image courtesy of U.S. Department of State"I watched a special show on a news channel dedicated to our 60th year of independence, and the show ended with our national anthem, for which I gave my due respect," she said.

Godiawala, an aspiring journalist, lives and studies in one of the most populated cities in the world, Mumbai, and while celebrating her country's independence is important to her, she has grown up two generations removed from the turmoil that marked the 1947 creation of India and Pakistan.

Instead of the heated pride that defined many independence celebrations in the years after the partition, most young people today celebrate nationalism without personal vendetta.

"We visit the Pakistani school where we have Independence Day special shows organized by the Pakistani Embassy," said Naveed Ahmad, 21, of his Pakistani Independence Day ritual. "At night we pay a visit to Corniche, where some Pakistani youth move in a car rally and raise Pakistani flags for fun and enjoyment."

Departing British authorities separated the two countries largely along religious lines, with most Muslims relocated to Pakistan and India remaining a secular but largely Hindu state.

But the act of creation was a bloody one. Nearly 1 million people died in fighting linked to the partition, many of them in the disputed region of Kashmir. The two countries have undergone years of political strife, and a new age of nuclear proliferation threatens to bring the conflict to new heights.

Today, education of the partition begins when children are very young.

"On Republic Day and Independence Day, every school across the country has a flag hoisting ceremony with a chief guest to do the honors," said Godiawala. "We have a small march after the ceremony, and thereafter we are served 'jalebis,' which is an Indian sweet. So, in every group or kindergarten or nursery, the children are taught the national anthem and are told to respect it."

Children are taught to have national pride by their schools, and many young people are familiarized with the bloodshed and triumphs of the partition through stories from their parents and grandparents.

"They told us that we were fighting for our freedom against the British rule," said Ahmad of his grandparents' stories. "They also told us that during the independence, there were many small battles fought between Muslims and Hindus."

"I remember my grandpa had marks on his body," said 19-year-old student Aaishwari Chouhan of Mumbai, whose grandfather was a part of the movement for India's freedom when he was young.

Although they have grown up in the shadow of this violence, many young people in India and Pakistan feel the conflict is more political than cultural and say they don't feel the same intolerance their parents had to endure.

"Basically, there's a borderline between religion and politics," said Yoginder Sikand, author of "Peace, Religion and Dialogue in Kashmir." Sikand believes the tensions between Pakistan, India and Kashmir are based on national pride rather than religion. "Religion per se, is not as important as a nationalist movement," he said.

Because tensions are largely restricted to diplomacy, many students feel they do not encounter prejudices in their everyday life.

Ahmad says in his experience, Hindus and Indians in Pakistan "are treated the same way as any other Pakistani citizen is. Our religion does not allow us to harm any non-believer. Islam teaches us to respect all other religions."

Although Sikand said he believes conflict between the two nations is based on nationalistic pride, religious minorities within the borders of each nation still face some degree of prejudice.

"In Mumbai, you can find many Muslims, but it is very rare to see a Pakistani," said Chouhan.

She attributes religious discrimination to social behavior, such as Muslim polygamy, which is frowned upon in India. Women's rights in Muslim culture have become an important issue for many Indians.

Despite feeling that the hatred that once divided their countries is behind them, students do admit that they tend to have little contact with those in their neighboring country, some even going so far as to say the clear separation of the two nations might add to the current peace.

Ahmad says there aren't many Indians in Pakistan, and Godiawala has only met Pakistani friends in college.

Sikand feels the division between Pakistan and India has actually changed the nature of nationalism in the Indian subcontinent.

"The way Indian nationalism and Pakistani nationalism have been constructed, they identify themselves in relation to their opposition to each other," said Sikand.

As they continue with their studies and their careers, Indian and Pakistanis are aware of the 60 years of political strife between their two countries, but it is a burden they feel falls on the shoulders of their governments rather than themselves.

"I don't see any differentiation between Indians and Pakistanis," said Chouhan.


-- By Alexis Matsui, Online NewsHour

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