Watch Online

				Image-Guided Surgery Dramatic increases in computing power allow doctors to see inside the head of a brain tumor patient, helping them to remove the growth with new precision.
		Select text to jump ahead in the clip: MEDICINE, ALONG WITH THE REST OF SOCIETY IS BEING TRANSFORMED BY THE COMPUTER. AT THE HEART OF EVERY STORY WE'LL BE DOING IN THIS EPISODE IS THE COMPUTER'S ABILITY TO PROCESS VAST AMOUNTS OF INFORMATION. IN THE OPERATION BEING PERFORMED HERE TODAY THE CRITICAL INFORMATION IS THE EXACT LOCATION OF A BRAIN TUMOR THAT'S THREATENING THE LIFE OF A YOUNG WOMAN NAMED LYNDA TOLVE. WITHOUT THAT INFORMATION, THE OPERATION THAT'S ABOUT TO BEGIN AND THROUGH WHICH LYNDA WILL BE AWAKE MAY NOT EVEN HAVE BEEN ATTEMPTED LEAVING HER TWO YEARS TO LIVE. IT'S A FEW DAYS AFTER THE EAST COAST'S BLIZZARD OF '96. LYNDA, HER FIANCE AND PARENTS HAVE JOURNEYED FROM NEW JERSEY TO BOSTON'S BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL. FOR EIGHT MONTHS, LYNDA HAS HAD DAILY SEIZURES FROM A TUMOR THAT'S SLOWLY PUSHING INTO THE PART OF HER BRAIN THAT CONTROLS MOVEMENT AND FEELING. Tolve: WHEN I FOUND OUT THE TUMOR WAS GROWING THE DOCTORS IN NEW YORK DID NOT WANT TO TOUCH THE TUMOR. SO I WROTE TO DR. BLACK AND HE TOLD ME TO COME ON UP AND HE SAID WITH HIS NEW TECHNIQUE THAT HE COULD DO IT. AND THAT'S WHEN WE CAME UP HERE AND THAT'S WHAT WE'RE HERE NOW FOR. SO YOUR TRIP WAS OKAY? YEAH. I HEAR YOU'RE... Alda: NEUROSURGEON PETER BLACK IS READY TO TAKE ON LYNDA'S CASE BECAUSE OF A POWERFUL NEW TECHNIQUE FOR PEERING INTO HER BRAIN. IT'S A VERY INTERESTING PROCESS. I THINK YOU'LL LIKE SEEING HOW IT WORKS. Alda: THE PROCESS BEGINS WITH WHAT IS NOW A STANDARD TECHNIQUE FOR SCANNING THE BRAIN, MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING. ( computer beeps ) THE M. R.I. MAKES CROSS-SECTIONAL PICTURES OF LYNDA'S BRAIN AND IN SEPARATE SCANS ALSO LOCATES ITS MAJOR BLOOD VESSELS. THE INFORMATION IS COMBINED AND PROCESSED TO CREATE A THREE-DIMENSIONAL IMAGE OF LYNDA'S HEAD REVEALING THE BRAIN INSIDE. THIS TECHNIQUE HAS BEEN PIONEERED AT BRIGHAM'S RADIOLOGY DEPARTMENT AS PART OF AN AMBITIOUS PROGRAM TO GIVE PHYSICIANS UNPRECEDENTED POWER TO SEE INSIDE THEIR PATIENTS, BOTH BEFORE AND DURING SURGERY. IN LYNDA'S VIRTUAL BRAIN, THE VEINS ARE COLORED BLUE AND THE TUMOR, LOCATED IN THE REGION THAT CONTROLS HER ABILITY TO MOVE HER BODY IS MARKED IN GREEN. Tolve: MY BIGGEST FEAR IN HAVING SURGERY IS THAT I MIGHT BECOME PARALYZED AND NOT BE ABLE TO WALK. THAT'S MY BIGGEST FEAR. Alda: THIS FEAR THAT CUTTING OUT THE TUMOR WILL DAMAGE HER MOTOR SKILLS LIES BEHIND ANOTHER INNOVATIVE TEST... OKAY, READY? Alda: AN ATTEMPT TO PINPOINT HER BRAIN'S MOTOR REGION WITH THE AID OF A MAGNETIC WAND. OKAY, FIVE, FOUR, THREE... TWO, ONE, GO. Alda: PLACED ON HER SKULL, THE WAND STIMULATES THE BRAIN BENEATH. IN THIS CASE, THEY ARE SEARCHING FOR THE SPOT THAT CONTROLS MOVEMENT IN HER LEFT HAND. ... THREE, TWO, ONE. ( machinery clicks ) Man: GOOD RESPONSE. Alda: BY MOVING THE WAND AND TRACKING ITS LOCATION WITH FLASHING LIGHTS LYNDA'S MOTOR REGION IS PRECISELY LOCATED. OKAY, VERY GOOD, LYNDA. WE FOUND THE MOTOR STRIP. WE'RE ALL DONE. PETER SAYS THIS IS WHERE THE TUMOR IS PUSHING DOWN. Alda: THIS IS THE FIRST TIME THIS METHOD OF MAPPING THE BRAIN HAS BEEN USED HERE AND AN EAGER CROWD OF RESEARCHERS AWAITS THE RESULTS. AND IF YOU START GOING DOWN TOWARDS WHERE THE EAR WOULD NORMALLY BE YOU SEE A LITTLE RED SPOT WHICH IS ALMOST SLIGHTLY OFF-CENTER ON THIS LITTLE STRIP OF CORTEX. Man: YEP, SO IT'S GORGEOUS. Alda: THE DAY BEFORE LYNDA'S SURGERY I SHARED THE REMARKABLE EXPERIENCE OF SEEING INSIDE HER HEAD WITH THE HELP OF 3-D GLASSES. Alda: IS THIS THE FIRST TIME YOU'VE SEEN THIS 3-D PICTURE OF YOUR BRAIN? YEAH, IT'S AMAZING... IT'S AMAZING. Alda: THE 3-D IMAGE, PLUS THE MAPPING OF THE MOTOR STRIP GIVES PETER BLACK MUCH MORE INSIGHT INTO WHAT HE WILL FACE TOMORROW. SO THIS IS HELPFUL IN MAKING SURE YOU DON'T INVADE THAT MOTOR AREA, RIGHT? THIS TELLS US THAT IT'S REASONABLE TO GO AHEAD ASSUMING THAT THE TUMOR IS NOW BEHIND THE MOTOR STRIP AND NOT IN IT. IF IT WERE IN IT, IT WOULD NOT BE A POSSIBLE OPERATION. SO THIS TELLS YOU WHETHER OR NOT TO DO THE PROCEDURE AND THEN IT ALSO GUIDES YOU DURING THE PROCEDURE SO THAT YOU DON'T HURT THAT. ARE THERE ANY OTHER PARTS OF THE BRAIN LIKE BLOOD VESSELS OR SOMETHING-- THIS WILL GUIDE YOU IN...? Black: YES, I THINK THAT THERE ARE TWO OTHER IMPORTANT AREAS. ONE ARE THE VEINS WHICH ARE EXTREMELY IMPORTANT NOT TO INJURE AND WE KNOW WHERE THEY ARE NOW. AND THE SECOND IS THE FACT THAT THE TUMOR ITSELF APPEARS TO BE IN THE SENSATIONARY OF THE BRAIN. AND THE QUESTION OF WHAT IMPLICATIONS THAT HAS FOR LYNDA'S RECOVERY AFTER THE SURGERY ARE FAIRLY IMPORTANT. ISN'T THAT SOMETHING? AMAZING. THANK YOU VERY MUCH. IT'S A GOOD THING YOU DID YOUR HOMEWORK, LYNDA. WHAT DO YOU MEAN, I DID MY HOMEWORK? DR. BLACK DID HIS HOMEWORK. Alda: 8:00 A. M. ON THE DAY OF THE SURGERY. LYNDA IS SEDATED BUT AWAKE HER HEAD UNCOMFORTABLY CLAMPED AT THE BEST ANGLE FOR GETTING AT THE TUMOR. Alda: WHEN I SAW YOU YESTERDAY I THOUGHT YOU HAD A TREMENDOUS AMOUNT OF COURAGE AND I STILL SEE IT IN YOU. I SEE YOU RIDING THIS. Woman: SHE IS AN EXCELLENT PATIENT. Alda: BY THIS POINT IN THE SURGERY A PIECE OF LYNDA'S SKULL HAS ALREADY BEEN REMOVED AND HER BRAIN EXPOSED. A VIDEO CAMERA HAS BEEN SET UP TO PEER OVER THE SURGEONS' SHOULDERS. IT'S NOW THAT THE COMPUTER IMAGE OF LYNDA'S BRAIN PUTS IN AN ALMOST MAGICAL APPEARANCE... Black: THERE, OKAY, I SEE THAT. Alda: BECAUSE BY CAREFULLY ALIGNING THE VIRTUAL BRAIN WITH THE REAL ONE THE TUMOR'S LOCATION IS REVEALED. CAN YOU SEE THE TUMOR YET? YES, IT'S RIGHT EXACTLY WHERE WE HAD PREDICTED THAT IT WOULD BE. THE ONLY AREA THAT I AM NOT SURE ABOUT IS AN AREA THAT WE THOUGHT WAS MOTOR STRIP AND THE QUESTION IS, "DOES THE TUMOR IMPINGE ON THAT? " AND WE'LL BE TESTING THAT IN ABOUT ONE MINUTE. LYNDA? WE WANT NOW TO TEST YOUR MOVEMENT, OKAY, HON? YOU'RE DOING GREAT. EVERYTHING IS GOING VERY WELL. WE SEE THE TUMOR. NO QUESTION ABOUT THAT AND IT LOOKS LIKE IT'S GOING TO BE REMOVABLE BUT WE WANT TO JUST CHECK SOME OF THE THINGS ABOUT MOVEMENT AND FEELING. I WANT YOU TO TELL ME NOW IF THERE'S ANY MOVEMENT IN YOUR HAND OR YOUR ARM ON THE LEFT SIDE, OKAY? Man: GOT IT, PERFECT-- RIGHT ON IT. THIS IS EXACTLY WHERE THEY FOUND MOVEMENT YESTERDAY BY THE WAY WITH THE MAG STIM. AND SO LET'S TRY FOUR HERE. LYNDA, HON? TINGLING WHERE, HON? Man: WHAT DID YOU FEEL, LYNDA? Tolve: I FELT TINGLING... TINGLING IN HER THUMB. WONDERFUL. Black: LYNDA, THIS IS VERY GOOD NEWS IN TERMS OF WHAT WE CAN DO HERE. Alda: THE TESTING CONFIRMS THAT THE MOTOR STRIP IS NEXT TO THE TUMOR BUT SEPARATE FROM IT. BUT NOW THERE'S ANOTHER CONCERN. THE TUMOR SEEMS TO OCCUPY A SPOT THAT NORMALLY WOULD ALLOW LYNDA TO FEEL SENSATION IN THE LEFT SIDE OF HER BODY. Black: WE'RE NOW STIMULATING HER WRIST AND THAT STIMULUS IS BEING PICKED UP BY THAT GRID. SO EACH OF THOSE LOCATIONS HAS A NUMBER ON IT SO YOU CAN TELL IF THE STIMULATION OF THE HAND IS BEING PICKED UP UNDER A NUMBER. YOU KNOW EXACTLY WHAT PART OF THE BRAIN IS RECEIVING THAT STIMULATION. EXACTLY. IF YOU FOUND THAT THE TUMOR WAS RECEIVING SIGNALS WHAT WOULD THAT DO TO THE OPERATION? THIS WOULD BE A SITUATION WE HAVE TALKED WITH LYNDA A LITTLE BIT ABOUT. WE TALKED BEFORE THE SURGERY ABOUT THAT ISSUE. AND SHE SAID SHE WOULD RATHER HAVE AS MUCH TUMOR TAKEN OUT AS POSSIBLE EVEN IF IT ENDED UP WITH SOME TROUBLE WITH SENSATION FOR A MONTH OR TWO. Alda: LYNDA'S WRIST IS STIMULATED. Alda: DO YOU FEEL ANYTHING, LYNDA IN YOUR THUMB, IN YOUR HAND? AN ELECTRIC SHOCK. AN ELECTRIC SHOCK? WE'RE GOING TO GO WITH THAT, PETER. Alda: SO THE FACT THAT YOU'RE GETTING THIS TYPICAL PATTERN ON EVERY PART OF THE GRID-- NONE OF IT'S ON THE TUMOR. NO, I THINK WE'RE PROBABLY BELOW THE TUMOR. Alda: AS THEY MOVE THE GRID AROUND, THEY GET MORE GOOD NEWS. PETER, THERE'S NO PHASE REVERSAL. Alda: THE TUMOR DOESN'T SEEM TO BE RECEIVING SIGNALS WHEN LYNDA'S WRIST IS STIMULATED. Alda: HE WAS VERY EXCITED WHEN HE GOT THAT REPORT OF WHAT AREAS WERE STIMULATED BECAUSE IT WAS WHAT HE HOPED IT WOULD BE. Tolve: Woman: SHE HAD A COMPLETE RESECTION WITHOUT ANY WEAKNESS AFTER THE SURGERY. SO IT WAS REALLY ALL VERY EXCITING. Tolve: Woman: IT'S REALLY A TEAM APPROACH AS YOU CAN SEE. Man: I HAVE TO SHOW YOU SOMETHING. OKAY, I'M COMING OVER. Alda: IT'S NOW ABOUT TWO HOURS SINCE THE OPERATION BEGAN. Black: WE OUTLINED THE TUMOR HERE IN BLUE BUT YOU SEE HOW IT'S LIFTING ITSELF OUT NOW ALMOST. IT'S REALLY BULGING OUT OF THE REST OF THE BRAIN ON ITS OWN. DRAMATIC. OKAY, SO THAT'S THE FIRST PART OF THE TUMOR THAT WE'VE JUST TAKEN OUT. Alda: HOW MUCH OF THE TUMOR DO YOU THINK THAT IS? THAT'S ABOUT A QUARTER TO A THIRD. Alda: PETER BLACK NOW SWITCHES TO AN INSTRUMENT THAT FIRST BREAKS UP TISSUE WITH ULTRASOUND THEN SUCKS THE SCRAPS AWAY. BY NOW THE HOSPITAL'S PATHOLOGY LAB HAS CONFIRMED THE TUMOR ISN'T MALIGNANT. Alda: NOW, I STILL SEE LITTLE WHITE SPOTS IN THERE. I PRESUME YOU'RE GOING AFTER THEM-- OTHER LITTLE SPOTS OF THE TUMOR. IT SEEMS IT'S NOT MALIGNANT. IS THERE LESS OF A NEED TO GET EVERY LAST DROP OF IT OUT OF THERE? WELL, IN A WAY YOU WANT EVEN MORE TO GET EVERY LAST DROP BECAUSE THE SURGERY IS THE DEFINITIVE TREATMENT IN THAT SITUATION. IN OTHER WORDS, YOU'RE SAYING THAT BECAUSE IT'S NOT MALIGNANT AND YOU WON'T BE RADIATING IT OR DOING ANYTHING TO IT... YOU WANT TO MAKE SURE... IF YOU LEAVE ANY IN THERE IT COULD GROW AGAIN. AND EVEN THOUGH IT'S NOT MALIGNANT IT STILL MAY TEND TO GROW AGAIN. SO THAT'S WHY WE WOULD LIKE TO SEE IF WE CAN'T GET ALL OF IT OUT AT THIS TIME. NOW, THE BIG QUESTION, ALAN IS THE ONE YOU ASKED YESTERDAY. HOW DO YOU KNOW HOW DEEP TO GO? THE ADVANTAGE OF THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION BECOMES PARTICULARLY APPARENT HERE BECAUSE THIS SMALL CYST IS SOMETHING THAT WE SEE IN THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL PICTURE WHICH YOU DON'T APPRECIATE SO MUCH IN THE REGULAR M. R.I. AND IT IDENTIFIES THE BASE OF THE DEEPEST PART OF THE TUMOR. Alda: USING THE VIRTUAL CYST IN THE IMAGE TO GUIDE THEM TO THE REAL THING IN LYNDA'S BRAIN PETER BLACK AND HIS COLLEAGUES OVER THE NEXT 40 MINUTES SCOUR OUT THE TUMOR. ALL THE WHILE, LYNDA'S MOTOR AND SENSATION RESPONSES CONTINUE TO BE MONITORED. Black: I THINK WE'RE PRETTY HAPPY WITH THAT IN TERMS OF THE RESECTION. I THINK NOW IT'S JUST A MATTER OF MAKING SURE EVERYTHING IS NICE AND DRY. BUT WE'RE ESSENTIALLY DONE. Woman: LYNDA, DR. BLACK HAS JUST COMPLETED THE RESECTION OF THE TUMOR. AND WE'RE GOING TO BE FINISHED VERY SHORTLY. Tolve: Woman: YES, WE'RE FINISHED. Tolve: THE TUMOR HAS BEEN REMOVED. Alda: THAT'S GREAT. CONGRATULATIONS. Tolve: THAT'S GREAT. Alda: JUST THREE WEEKS AFTER THE TUMOR WAS REMOVED WE MET WITH LYNDA AGAIN. Tolve: IT'S HARD TO BELIEVE THAT... NOT ONLY THAT THE SURGERY WAS THREE WEEKS AGO IT'S HARD TO BELIEVE THAT I'M ALIVE AND EVERYTHING WENT WELL, EVERYTHING WENT GREAT. I HAVE NO MORE SEIZURES AND I CAN GO TO SLEEP AT NIGHT KNOWING THAT I'M NOT GOING TO WAKE UP HAVING A SEIZURE. I CAN DRIVE A CAR KNOWING THAT I'M NOT GOING TO HAVE A SEIZURE. I CAN WALK OUT MY FRONT DOOR KNOWING I'M NOT GOING TO HAVE A SEIZURE. IT'S FANTASTIC. I'M GOING TO GET MARRIED AND I'M GOING TO HAVE CHILDREN AND I'M GOING TO GET RICH, HOPEFULLY. AND THOSE THINGS I COULD NEVER DO BECAUSE I WOULDN'T BE HERE TO DO THOSE THINGS. IT ALL SEEMS LIKE A DREAM, A DREAM THAT CAME TRUE. FOR A LOT OF PEOPLE WHAT I AM ABOUT TO DO IS PRETTY MUCH IMPOSSIBLE. Mechanical voice: Going up. THIS ELEVATOR GOES UP 47 FLOORS IN ABOUT 30 SECONDS

				Virtual Fear Virtual elevators help some phobia patients get over their fear of the real thing.
		Select text to jump ahead in the clip: AND THE VIEW IS FANTASTIC BUT FOR PEOPLE WITH A FEAR OF HEIGHTS THIS RIDE WOULD BE A NIGHTMARE. THE BEST WAY TO TREAT PHOBIAS LIKE FEAR OF HEIGHTS OR OF FLYING IS TO EXPOSE PEOPLE TO JUST A LITTLE OF WHAT BOTHERS THEM AND TO HAVE A THERAPIST ALONG TO HELP GET THEM THROUGH IT. AND THEN BIT BY BIT, THE STAKES ARE RAISED. OF COURSE, BRINGING A THERAPIST WITH YOU EVERY TIME YOU GET ON AN ELEVATOR CAN GET TO BE UNWIELDY-- NOT TO MENTION A LITTLE STRANGE FOR THE OTHER GUESTS. BUT IN THE 21st CENTURY THE ELEVATOR MAY NOT HAVE TO BE REAL. THE ROOM IS TILTED. Alda: AT GEORGIA TECH IN ATLANTA LARRY HODGES HAS BUILT A VIRTUAL VERSION OF THAT SAME HOTEL ELEVATOR. THE HELMET GIVES ME A 3-D, COMPUTER-GENERATED VIEW THAT MOVES WHEN I MOVE MY HEAD. OH, YOU KNOW WHAT I HATE IS LOOKING UP. Hodges: THAT'S WHAT I'VE ALWAYS SAID-- LOOKING UP IS MUCH SCARIER THAN LOOKING DOWN. IF YOU LOOK DOWN OVER THE RAIL... Woman: YEAH, YOU'RE HOLDING ONTO THE RAILING AND YOU CAN LOOK DOWN. OH, MY... LOOK AT THAT. IS IT OKAY IF I SPIT? NO. OKAY... IT'S PRETTY REALISTIC. Alda: THE QUESTION IS: IS IT REALISTIC ENOUGH TO HELP SOMEONE LIKE CHRISTOPHER CLOCK? WAS THERE AN ELEVATOR THAT WAS INSIDE, NOT OUTSIDE? NO, THIS IS THE ONLY ONE. YOU DON'T HAVE ONE GOING UP INSIDE? NO... NO, SIR. CAN YOU DO IT? NO, I'M GOING UP THE STAIRS. YOU CAN FACE THE OTHER WAY. NO, I CAN'T. I'M TAKING THE STAIRS. Clock: I'VE BEEN AFRAID OF HEIGHTS FOR AS LONG AS I REMEMBER-- SINCE I WAS REAL YOUNG, WE WENT TO NEW YORK AND TRIED TO CLIMB THE STATUE OF LIBERTY-- GOT HALFWAY UP AND WAS TERRIFIED AND HAD TO CRAWL BACK DOWN THE STAIRWELL. AND I AVOID HOTELS. IF I HAVE TO SLEEP ABOVE THE SECOND STORY I THROW A BIG FIT. I'M NO LONGER NEAR WINDOWS, SO IT'S... IT'S KIND OF BAD. Woman: HOW YOU DOING? Clock: IT'S KIND OF SCARY. ALL RIGHT, YOU'RE DOING FINE. WE'LL TAKE IT A LITTLE BIT AT A TIME. Alda: CHRIS CLOCK IS A PATIENT OF EMORY UNIVERSITY PSYCHOLOGIST BARBARA ROTHBAUM. WHAT'S BOTHERING YOU ABOUT IT? JUST BEING OVER THE TRAFFIC-- THE MOVING TRAFFIC. WHAT ARE SOME OF YOUR FEARS? UH, FALLING... THE BRIDGE COLLAPSING. ARE YOU READY? YEAH, I GUESS. Alda: BY ASKING HER PATIENTS TO KEEP REPORTING HOW THEY FEEL AND OFFERING SYMPATHETIC REASSURANCE BARBARA IS WORKING ON GRADUALLY LESSENING THEIR FEARS. YOU WANT TO GIVE ME A RATING? UM, 90, 95. OKAY, IF YOU FEEL LIKE YOU WANT TO YOU CAN GO AHEAD AND LEAN OVER. GOOD JOB. YOU WANT TO GIVE ME A RATING? UH, ABOUT 100. 100, OKAY, YOU'RE DOING REAL WELL. Alda: BARBARA ROTHBAUM IS COLLABORATING WITH THE GEORGIA TECH VIRTUAL-REALITY RESEARCHERS TO SEE IF PATIENTS LIKE CHRIS FIND VIRTUAL HEIGHT AS SCARY AS THE REAL THING. Rothbaum: YOU WANT TO GET A LITTLE CLOSER TO THE FRONT RAILING AND IF YOU WANT TO LOOK OVER A LITTLE BIT? YOU WANT TO GIVE ME A RATING OF YOUR ANXIETY? UM, ABOUT 90 I GUESS. ABOUT 90? OKAY. WHERE ARE YOU FEELING THAT IN YOUR BODY? KIND OF WEAK IN THE KNEES... UH, HARD TO BREATHE. MM-HMM, WHAT SCARES YOU TO LOOK AT? THE TABLES. YOU CAN SEE THAT THEY ARE LOWER. Alda: HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE SOMEBODY WHO'S GOT A REALLY SOLID FEAR OF HEIGHTS TO WORK THROUGH IT IN THIS KIND OF A SITUATION? WELL, WE TAKE IT SLOWLY. IN THE STUDY, WE DID EIGHT SESSIONS ABOUT 35, 40 MINUTES EACH. WE WOULD GO UP TO WHATEVER FLOOR THEY FELT COMFORTABLE WITH. STAY WITH THAT UNTIL THEIR ANXIETY CAME DOWN AND WHEN THEY FELT COMFORTABLE... WAIT A SECOND, EXCUSE ME. I'M SORRY TO INTERRUPT YOU. I CAN'T UNDERSTAND ANYTHING YOU'RE SAYING BECAUSE... WHEN I TOOK THE HELMET OFF I WAS REALLY DISORIENTED. Woman: YOU'RE DISORIENTED. I MEAN, TO COME... AND YOU GUYS ARE LIKE... I'M STANDING ON A FLOOR INSIDE THIS RAILING INSTEAD OF BEING IN THE ELEVATOR. I REALLY GOT USED TO THE ELEVATOR. THAT'S WHAT A LOT OF PEOPLE SAY-- "IT'S ANIMATED, HOW CAN THAT REALLY DO IT? HOW CAN THAT MAKE ME FEEL LIKE I'M THERE? " I WANT TO GO BACK TO OZ. OKAY. I LIKE IT BETTER IN HERE. OH, NOW I'M HOME AGAIN. Rothbaum: CAN YOU REMEMBER THE FIRST... Alda: CHRIS CLOCK HAS NOW BEEN THROUGH ALL EIGHT SESSIONS IN THESE VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS AND, HERE AT LEAST, HIS FEARS ARE ALMOST GONE. Clock: I CAN LOOK OVER WITHOUT TERROR. Rothbaum: YOU'RE DOING A GREAT JOB. YOU WANT TO LOOK UP AT THE NEXT BRIDGE? SEE WHERE THAT IS? GOOD, HOW IS THAT WHEN YOU LOOK UP AT THAT? UH, IT'S NOT TOO BAD. ALL RIGHT. ROB, CAN WE GO TO THE TOP BRIDGE? WE'RE THERE. WHOA. Alda: THE FIRST TIME UP HERE, CHRIS RATED HIS FEAR AT 100. YOU WANT TO GIVE ME A RATING? UM... 25. IT STILL CATCHES YOU A LITTLE BIT... IT DOES. WHEN YOU GO UP THERE. HOW DOES IT FEEL LOOKING DOWN AND SEEING THE OPEN SLATS? UM, KIND OF SCARY, ACTUALLY BUT, IT'S... IT'S MANAGEABLE. GIVE ME A RATING. UM, 20. BECAUSE KEEP IN MIND WHAT WE TALKED ABOUT BEFORE THAT ANYBODY IS GOING TO FEEL IT IN THEIR BODY IF THEY ARE UP ON A BRIDGE THIS HIGH AND WITH OPEN SLATS. I MEAN, THAT'S WHAT SOME PEOPLE CALL THRILLING, EXCITING. BECAUSE YOU FEEL SOMETHING IN YOUR BODY WHEN YOU'RE UP THIS TALL DOESN'T MEAN THAT IT'S FEAR... DOESN'T MEAN THAT YOU'RE SCARED. RIGHT. IT MEANS YOU'RE HUMAN. Alda: OF COURSE, THE REAL TEST OF VIRTUAL-ENVIRONMENT THERAPY IS WHETHER IT HELPS IN THE REAL WORLD. CHRIS WAS NOW AT LEAST CONFIDENT ENOUGH TO TRY. Clock: I THINK THE VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT HELPED ME BECAUSE I WAS ABLE TO GET UP IN A HEIGHT SITUATION AND REALIZE... FEEL THAT I WAS UP HIGH BUT IN THE BACK OF MY MIND KNOW I WAS STILL ON THE GROUND AND WITH THAT SAFETY FEELING DEAL WITH THE ANXIETY AND COPE WITH IT. IT'S SUCH A WEIGHT OFF MY SHOULDERS KNOWING THAT I CAN COME UP AND I'VE CONQUERED MY FEAR OF HEIGHTS. I CAN GO OUT AND COME UP 72 FLIGHTS AND LOOK OUT. I'M NOT AFRAID OF IT ANYMORE. Flight attendant: All passengers, fasten your seat belts... Alda: THE GEORGIA RESEARCHERS ARE NOW CONSTRUCTING A VIRTUAL AIRPLANE. I GOT TO TRY OUT THE PROTOTYPE. THE PLANE IS MOVING HERE. Woman: RIGHT, LOOK OUT THE WINDOW... Alda: IT STILL LACKS SOME CRUCIAL DETAILS. I DON'T HAVE A SEAT BELT. ( whining of jet engines ) Alda: THE PLAN IS TO USE THE VIRTUAL PLANE TO HELP SOME OF THE MILLIONS WITH A FEAR OF FLYING WITHOUT HAVING TO TAKE REAL FLIGHTS WITH A THERAPIST ON BOARD. ( thundering ) THE THUNDERSTORM WAS PRETTY CONVINCING BUT FOR THRILLS, I STILL PREFERRED THE ELEVATOR. MAKE ME GO REAL FAST-- WHERE'S THE HAND? Rothbaum: WE'VE GOT A VIRTUAL JUNKIE HERE. HERE WE GO. THAT'S PRETTY FAST. WOW! WHOA! LOOK AT THAT. WOW! OH, THAT'S GREAT! Rothbaum: DO YOU WANT TO DANGLE YOUR FOOT OVER THE EDGE? HOW DOES THAT FEEL? IT FEELS PRETTY GOOD. Alda: WITH THE PRICE OF COMPUTING POWER COMING DOWN FAST IT WON'T BE LONG UNTIL VIRTUAL-REALITY SYSTEMS COULD BE CHEAP ENOUGH FOR EVERY THERAPIST TO HAVE ONE IN THEIR OFFICE. AND IT WILL BECOME EVEN HARDER TO TELL WHERE THE VIRTUAL WORLD ENDS AND THE REAL ONE BEGINS. WHOA, WHEW... OH, YOU KNOW, THAT IS REALLY SOMETHING. I HAD MY EYE ON THE FLOOR AND THE FLOOR REALLY CAME UP AT ME. Hodges: IT'S THE MOTION... DON'T DO THIS AT HOME, KIDS. Alda: BY 7:30 IN THE MORNING, LONG BEFORE THE STORES ARE OPEN

				Bypass Genes Gene therapy promotes new vessel growth, and allows a woman with blocked arteries in her leg to walk again.
		Select text to jump ahead in the clip: THIS SHOPPING MALL IN NATICK, MASSACHUSETTS IS ALREADY HUMMING WITH ACTIVITY. ONE OF THE MOST ENTHUSIASTIC OF THE MALL-WALKERS USED TO BE LILLIAN COOPER. Cooper: I STARTED ABOUT SEVEN YEARS AGO AND I COULD WALK FIVE MILES EVERY MORNING. I DON'T WANT TO BE IMMODEST, BUT I WAS A GOOD MALL-WALKER. I WAS USUALLY AT THE HEAD OF THE GROUP. Alda: BUT FOR TWO YEARS NOW, LILLIAN HAS BEEN SIDELINED BY A BADLY NARROWED ARTERY IN HER LEFT LEG. Cooper: IF I DON'T FIND A WAY TO GET IT FIXED I'M GOING TO LOSE THE LEG. I'VE BEEN ADVISED OF THAT BY TWO DOCTORS AND I'M NOT READY FOR THAT. Alda: LILLIAN HAS ALREADY HAD ALL THE STANDARD THERAPIES FOR HER BLOCKED ARTERY. BUT NOW THERE'S SOMETHING NEW, INVOLVING A FORM OF THERAPY MANY BELIEVE WILL REVOLUTIONIZE MEDICINE IN THE 21st CENTURY. AT BOSTON'S ST. ELIZABETH'S HOSPITAL HER DOCTOR IS JEFFREY ISNER. NOW, WE'RE ONLY NUMBING THAT BECAUSE WE LIKE YOU, LILLIAN. ( chuckles ) Alda: SHE'S BEEN THROUGH THIS PROCEDURE OFTEN. A CATHETER IS BEING SLIPPED INTO THE MAIN ARTERY OF HER LEG AND THEN A DYE THAT SHOWS UP ON X-RAYS IS INJECTED. THE RESULTING ANGIOGRAM SHOWS THE DYE REACHING THE BLOOD VESSELS IN HER LOWER LEG. Isner: THIS IS WHERE THE PROBLEM IS. IT TAKES A LONG TIME FOR THAT DYE TO WIND ITS WAY ALL THE WAY DOWN TO HER CALF MUSCLE AND FOOT. THAT'S WHY SHE'S HAVING ALL THE PAIN. AND SO THE NEED HERE IS TO FIND A WAY TO SOMEHOW DELIVER A SIGNIFICANTLY LARGER VOLUME OF BLOOD FLOW DOWN TO THE LOWER LEG. SO, LILLIAN, THE ANGIOGRAM... Alda: RESTORING BLOOD FLOW IN A BLOCKED BLOOD VESSEL IS USUALLY ATTEMPTED WITH BYPASS SURGERY OR BY INFLATING A SMALL BALLOON IN THE ARTERY. THE MAIN VESSEL, THE MAIN STREET IS TOTALLY BLOCKED. Alda: BUT FOR LILLIAN, THESE HAVE ALREADY FAILED. YOU'VE HEARD ABOUT GENE THERAPY... YES, I HAVE. AND IN THIS CASE WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO IS USE GENE THERAPY TO TRY TO MAKE NEW BLOOD VESSELS GROW FROM THIS ARTERY THAT'S RIGHT ABOUT IN THE MIDDLE PART OF YOUR LEG. Alda: GENE THERAPY HAS BEEN HIGHLY TOUTED AS THE FUTURE OF MEDICINE. A HUGE RESEARCH PROJECT TO LOCATE AND READ ALL THE 100,000 OR SO HUMAN GENES IS NOW IN FULL SWING. IT'S ANOTHER DRAMATIC EXAMPLE OF HOW INFORMATION-- IN THIS CASE THE SPELLING OF THE OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE HUMAN BODY-- IS TRANSFORMING MEDICINE. AND IT'S LED TO THE HOPE THAT HUMAN GENES CAN THEMSELVES BE USED TO TREAT PEOPLE. ONE OF THESE GENES MANUFACTURES A CHEMICAL THAT CAN MAKE BLOOD VESSELS GROW. JEFFREY ISNER'S IDEA IS TO SEE IF PUTTING THIS GENE INTO BLOCKED ARTERIES WILL CAUSE THEM TO DEVELOP SHOOTS THAT WILL BYPASS THE BLOCKAGE. Isner: THE IDEA THAT PEOPLE COULD GROW THEIR OWN BYPASS IS AN INTRIGUING ONE BECAUSE THERE IS NOTHING LIKE LETTING NATURE DO THE SURGERY. Alda: TO DELIVER THE GENE, ISNER EMPLOYS A NARROW BALLOON THAT CAN BE SLID INTO LILLIAN'S ARTERY TO A POINT JUST ABOVE THE BLOCKAGE AND INFLATED TO SQUASH THE GENE INTO THE BLOOD VESSEL'S WALLS. HUNDREDS OF MILLIONS OF COPIES OF THE GENE ARE COATED ONTO THE BALLOON AND THEN DRIED SO THAT THEY STICK THERE. Isner: IT SEEMS LIKE A LOT BUT WE KNOW THAT NOT ALL OF THE DNA IS GOING TO COME OFF OF THE BALLOON AND ONTO THE WALL OR INTO THE WALL OF THE ARTERY. AND EVEN ALL THAT GETS INTO THE WALL OF THE ARTERY WILL NOT NECESSARILY FIND ITS WAY INTO THE CELLS-- THE SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS-- OF THE ARTERIAL WALL. AND EVEN THE AMOUNT THAT GETS INTO THE CELLS WILL NOT ALL BECOME OPERATIVE IN TERMS OF MAKING THE GROWTH FACTOR. Alda: EVERYTHING IS READY FOR THE GENES TO BE DELIVERED. ALL RIGHT, READY? HERE WE GO. Alda: A PUMP INFLATES THE BALLOON. NOW ALL EVERYBODY CAN DO IS WAIT AND SEE IF THE GENES GOT IN, IF THEY WORK IF NEW BLOOD VESSELS BYPASS LILLIAN'S BLOCKAGE. Cooper: MY IMMEDIATE DREAM IS TO GO BACK TO THE MALL-WALKERS AND BE ABLE TO WALK RIGHT IN. AND I'M SURE THEY'RE ALL GOING TO BE THERE HOPING FOR THE SAME THING. THAT MEANS I'LL START MY LIFE AGAIN DOING THE THINGS THAT I'VE ALWAYS WANTED TO DO. Alda: IF THE GENE THERAPY GROWS A BYPASS FOR LILLIAN'S BLOCKED LEG ARTERY IT HAS IMPLICATIONS FOR OTHER PLACES BYPASSES ARE NEEDED-- MOST OBVIOUSLY, THE HEART. JEFFREY ISNER'S ULTIMATE GOAL IS TO USE GENE THERAPY AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO BYPASS SURGERY IN PEOPLE WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE. IT'S BEEN FOUR WEEKS SINCE LILLIAN'S TREATMENT. Cooper: YESTERDAY I WALKED FROM THE HOSPITAL DOWN THE MAIN STREET OVER A HALF A MILE, AND I KEPT GOING. I FEEL THAT THERE HAVE TO BE NEW BLOOD VESSELS FORMING BECAUSE WHAT ELSE WOULD CAUSE THIS? MY LEG IS BETTER, MY FOOT IS BETTER, I CAN WALK BETTER. HAS TO BE THAT. WE'LL HAVE TO USE THAT CANE AS KINDLING. ( laughing ) Alda: TO FIND OUT IF MORE BLOOD IS FLOWING TO LILLIAN'S LEG SHE HAS YET ANOTHER ANGIOGRAM. THE RESULT AT LEAST PARTIALLY JUSTIFIES HER OPTIMISM. WHILE BEFORE IT TOOK 15 SECONDS FOR BLOOD TO REACH HER CALF NOW IT TAKES ONLY NINE. Isner: WE'RE NOT SEEING TUFTS OF NEW VESSELS AND WE'RE NOT SEEING SPLASHES OF ARTERIES THAT WE NEVER SAW BEFORE. IT'S POSSIBLE THAT THE NEW ARTERIES THAT ARE DEVELOPING ARE OF A SIZE THAT THEY'RE JUST A LITTLE BIT TOO SMALL FOR US TO SEE ON THESE ANGIOGRAMS UM... BUT YET, THERE ARE STILL ENOUGH OF THEM AND THEY'RE STILL FUNCTIONAL ENOUGH THAT THEY'RE PRODUCING, YOU KNOW, NEW CONDUITS NEW AVENUES FOR BLOOD FLOW TO THE LOWER LEG. Alda: GENE THERAPY IS STILL IN ITS INFANCY AND SO FAR, MOST OF THE 100 OR MORE CLINICAL TRIALS USING GENES HAVE BEEN DISAPPOINTING OR INCONCLUSIVE. BUT THIS ONE JUST MIGHT BE DIFFERENT. Isner: WHENEVER YOU TRY SOMETHING LIKE THIS FOR THE FIRST TIME, YOU ALWAYS WONDER, IS IT SCIENCE FICTION OR IS IT GOING TO BE REAL THERAPY? UM... A LOT OF THINGS WE TRY TURN OUT TO BE SCIENCE FICTION-- MAKE GOOD MOVIES, BUT THEY DON'T HELP TOO MANY PATIENTS. I THINK THIS HAS THE POTENTIAL TO BE GREAT SCIENCE FICTION BUT NOW WE'RE SEEING A FEW INDICATORS THAT SUGGEST THAT IT ACTUALLY MIGHT BE USEFUL MIGHT ACTUALLY BE THERAPEUTIC FOR CERTAIN GROUPS OF PATIENTS. HOW MANY MILES DO YOU USUALLY WALK IN A DAY? I WALK A MILE AND A HALF EVERY DAY. THAT'S VERY GOOD, YEAH. Alda: SIX MONTHS AFTER LILLIAN'S GENE THERAPY AND SHE'S BACK AT THE MALL. Cooper: IT FEELS WONDERFUL TO BE WALKING AGAIN. THERE WERE TIMES WHEN I THOUGHT WALKING A FEW STEPS WITH A CANE WOULD BE ABOUT IT. BUT NOW I CAN WALK AROUND THE MALL, MOSTLY WITHOUT STOPPING. SO, I'M REALLY THRILLED WITH THE WAY EVERYTHING HAS TURNED OUT. AND I'M HOPING THAT IT WILL GET BETTER ALL THE TIME AND I'M SURE IT WILL. ... KNOW WHICH ONES TO COME BACK TO. ( laughing ) SAVE A LOT OF MONEY SHOPPING THIS HOUR. Alda: THERE WAS ONCE A TELEVISION SERIES SET IN A MOBILE ARMY SURGICAL HOSPITAL

				Cybersurgery Technology helps surgeons attend to battlefield wounded faster than ever before, well within the critical 'golden hour.'
		Select text to jump ahead in the clip: NEAR THE FRONT LINES OF THE KOREAN WAR. ALTHOUGH YOU MAY NOT HAVE KNOWN IT FROM WATCHING THE SHOW MASH UNITS LIKE THIS WERE A MAJOR BREAKTHROUGH IN BATTLEFIELD MEDICINE. BEFORE THE EARLY 1950s AND THE HELICOPTER MANY SOLDIERS WOUNDED IN BATTLE DIDN'T SURVIVE BECAUSE THEY COULDN'T BE TREATED BY A TRAINED SURGEON QUICKLY ENOUGH. Man: THAT WAS OUR FIRST OPPORTUNITY TO GET CLOSER TO THE CASUALTY WHERE HE WAS WOUNDED WITHIN WHAT WE CALL "THE GOLDEN HOUR. " IN THE KOREAN WAR THAT WAS THE FIRST TIME YOU COULD GET A PATIENT UNDER THE KNIFE THAT FAST? THAT WAS ONE OF THE MAIN ADVANCES THAT WE HAD THERE-- THE ABSOLUTE EVACUATION FROM THE FAR FORWARD AREA QUICKER TO WHERE THE SURGEON IS. Alda: FAST FORWARD TO THE 21st CENTURY SEEN THROUGH A PROMOTIONAL VIDEO MADE FOR THE PENTAGON'S ADVANCED RESEARCH PROJECTS AGENCY WHERE COLONEL RICK SATAVA HEADS A PROGRAM TO BRING NEW TECHNOLOGY TO BATTLEFIELD MEDICINE. THE GOAL IS TO SHORTEN STILL FURTHER THE TIME BETWEEN A SOLDIER'S BEING WOUNDED AND HIS GETTING EXPERT MEDICAL ATTENTION BECAUSE OF A STARKLY DRAMATIC STATISTIC. Satava: WE LOOKED AT THE DATA FROM THE VIETNAM DATABASE AND THE KOREAN DATABASE AND FOUND OUT THAT OF THOSE WHO DIED, THE SOLDIERS THAT DIED APPROXIMATELY HALF OF THEM COULD HAVE BEEN SAVED BECAUSE THEY BLED TO DEATH, MOST OF THEM BLED TO DEATH OR HAD WOUNDS OR INJURIES THAT COULD HAVE BEEN TREATED HAD THE MEDIC BEEN THERE QUICKLY ENOUGH OR IF THE MEDIC GOT THERE BUT DIDN'T HAVE THE EXPERTISE IF WE COULD HAVE PROJECTED THE SURGEON TO HIM. Alda: AND WHEN COLONEL SATAVA TALKS ABOUT PROJECTING THE SURGEON HE MEANS IT ALMOST LITERALLY. Alda: IF THIS PERSON HAD BEEN WOUNDED ON THE BATTLEFIELD AND HE HAPPENED TO BE LUCKY ENOUGH TO HAVE A SURGEON HERE WHAT'S WRONG WITH HIM? Alda: JON BOWERSOX IS A SURGEON. HE'S WORKING WITH SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS TO PROJECT HIS HANDS INTO THE BATTLE ZONE WHILE HE HIMSELF IS MILES AWAY. Bowersox: IT LOOKS LIKE THERE IS ABOUT AN INCH-LONG HOLE IN THE SMALL INTESTINE. IF WE DIDN'T TREAT THAT, WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IS THE CASUALTY WOULD DEVELOP A SEVERE INFECTION AND DIE IN A RELATIVELY SHORT PERIOD OF TIME. SO WHAT'S NEEDED TO TAKE CARE OF THIS IS EMERGENCY REPAIR OF THE INTESTINAL INJURY. Alda: THESE ARE PIG INTESTINES FROM A LOCAL BUTCHER'S SHOP COLORED WITH RED PAINT. JON'S SUBSTITUTE HANDS ARE POISED ABOVE THEM. WHAT DO THESE THINGS DO? HOW DO THEY...? THEY GET RIGHT DOWN IN THE WOUND? THIS IS THE MACHINERY? WELL, AS YOU SEE WHY DON'T WE MOVE THEM INTO POSITION HERE? IF YOU'D JUST MOVE OUR POSITION CONTROL. THAT'S THIS RED BUTTON? IT IS. ( loud whirring ) STOP, PLEASE. GOOD. SO, AS YOU CAN SEE JUST LIKE THE SURGEON'S HANDS THEY'RE PLACED RIGHT OVER THE SITE OF THE WOUNDING AND THESE ARE INSTRUMENTS THAT THE SURGEON NORMALLY USES. Alda: RIGHT NOW, THE ARMORED OPERATING ROOM IS CONNECTED TO THIS TENT BY CABLE BUT SOON A WIRELESS SYSTEM WILL ALLOW O. R. AND SURGEON TO BE MANY MILES APART. SO THIS IS THE SURGEON'S WORK STATION. INSTEAD OF BEING AT THE PATIENT'S SIDE IN THE NORMAL OPERATING ROOM I PUT ON THESE POLARIZED GLASSES THAT GIVE ME 3-D VISION. INSTEAD OF TALKING DIRECTLY TO MY ASSISTANT I PUT ON A PAIR OF STEREO HEADPHONES AND INSTEAD OF PICKING UP THE ACTUAL SURGICAL INSTRUMENT HANDLES I PUT MY HANDS INTO THE HALF OF THEM THAT ARE ATTACHED TO THE CONSOLE. AND NOW, IT'S LIKE BEING AT THE PATIENT'S SIDE. Alda: WHAT JON SEES IS A 3-D VERSION OF THE IMAGE SHOWN ON THE MONITOR. HOW MUCH LIKE THE REAL EXPERIENCE IS IT WHEN YOU WERE OVER THERE? WELL, I THINK THE MOST TELLING THING IS EVERY SURGEON THAT'S USED THE SYSTEM AFTER WORKING WITH IT FOR ABOUT 15 OR 20 MINUTES WILL MOVE THEIR HAND OUT OF THE INSTRUMENT HANDLE AND TRY TO PUSH BOWEL OUT OF THE WAY. IT'S GETTING IN THE WAY. Alda: JON APPEARED TO BE AS DEXTEROUS WITH THE REMOTE INSTRUMENTS AS HE WAS WITH THE NORMAL ONES AIDED, AS HE WOULD BE IN A REGULAR OPERATION BY A SKILLED ASSISTANT. JON SEES MICHELLE IN A SMALL MONITOR IN HIS WORK STATION AND TOGETHER THEY SPEEDILY REPAIR THE WOUND. Bowersox: AS YOU CAN SEE NOW I AM ABLE TO TIE THE KNOTS IN THE SUTURE JUST AS IF WE WERE IN THE ACTUAL OPERATING ROOM. SO, WOULD YOU LIKE TO HAVE A GO AT THIS? Alda: UH, YEAH, LET ME TRY. I CAN'T WAIT. THIS IS THE GOING TO BE THE FIRST TIME I'VE EVER DONE THIS. Alda: DESPITE YEARS OF DOING FAKE OPERATIONS IN A FICTIONAL MASH UNIT THIS WAS THE FIRST TIME I TRIED ANYTHING LIKE THE REAL THING. AND, YOU NEED A PAIR OF GLASSES. RIGHT, OKAY. Alda: FORTUNATELY, IT WASN'T THE REAL THING. OH, OH, MY GOD! OH, WAIT A MINUTE. I'M TERRIBLY SORRY, I BANGED INTO THE INSTRUMENT AND JAMMED IT INTO THE GUY'S INTESTINES. Michelle, control yourself. SNIP, SNIP, OKAY, HERE WE GO. ALAN, YOU'RE RUINING MY IMAGE OF YOU AS HAWKEYE. I am not a real doctor, I just play one on TV. Now, I need to pick this side up, right? Michelle: YEAH, PICK IT UP. RIGHT WHERE YOU ARE. OKAY. Got it? UM... OKAY. Alda: OKAY, OH, IT WENT THROUGH. DO I HAVE TOO LITTLE OF IT? Michelle: No, that's just fine. I PULL IT WITH THIS? Yes, that's it. I SEE, YOU PULL IT WITH THE RIGHT HAND AND SORT OF EASE THIS DOWN WITH THE LEFT HAND. Alda: THE MOST REMARKABLE THING WAS THAT THE COMPUTER INTERFACE BETWEEN THE INSTRUMENTS AND MY HANDS ALLOWED ME TO FEEL WHAT I WAS DOING. I did it, look at that! Michelle: YES, YOU DID GREAT! I MADE A STITCH. BUT THE POOR GUY-- I MEAN, HE'S GOING TO HAVE CRAMPS FROM THAT STITCH. WELL, I DIDN'T... I'M NOT REALLY GOOD AT SEWING, ANYWAY. BUT, UH... BUT, I COULD FEEL IT I COULD FEEL THE RESISTANCE AND I WOULD IMAGINE IT WOULD BE EASY TO FEEL THE RESISTANCE OF SOMETHING REALLY HARD BUT TO