he enormous success of the temperance movement among native-born American women between 1874 and 1900 entwined the destiny of the suffrage movement with the temperance movement during the last quarter of the nineteenth century. Founded in 1874, in the midst of one of the deepest economic depressions in American history, the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) quickly became the largest women’s organization in the United States during the nineteenth century.

The WCTU drew on social traditions of Protestant women’s activism that had emerged in the decades between 1830 and 1860, when the separation between church and state transformed Protestant denominations into a set of competing voluntarist organizations. Serving as a pan-Protestant umbrella organization that acted independently of male ministerial authority, the WCTU became a “woman’s church” to many of its members, complete with ritual processions, symbolic regalia, and hierarchical lines of authority.

Under the charismatic leadership of Frances Willard (1839-1898), elected President in 1879, the WCTU shifted its focus from closing saloons to an ambitious and multifacted campaign known as “Do Everything.” By 1890, the Union sponsored more than thirty-five areas of activity, most of which had little or nothing to do with temperance, such as prison reform, public health, and improved working conditions for wage-earning women. Much of the Union’s strength derived from its decentralized structure, which allowed locals to choose which departments their members would pursue. (For an outstanding example of the local vitality of the “Do Everything” campaign, see Kathleen Kerr, “Minnesota Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, 1878-1917” on “Women and Social Movements in the United States, 1830-1930,” a Web site at http://womhist.binghamton.edu.)

As a way of promoting the “Home Protection Vote,” the Union endorsed woman suffrage in 1881, when women’s right to vote was still a radical cause with few supporters. For the next twenty years WCTU members served as the grass roots for the suffrage movement. In villages, towns, and cities throughout the United States, especially in the North, Midwest and West, they fostered discussions about the need for women’s participation in public life. Leaders in the national woman suffrage movement relied on members of local branches of the WCTU to sponsor suffrage speakers and convey information about the suffrage movement to their communities.

Many black women leaders in the 1880s and 90s were active in the Union’s “Department for Work among Negros.” As head of that department between 1883 and 1890, Frances Ellen Watkins Harper launched a broad national program of improvements for African-Americans. The National Association of Colored Women (founded in 1896) built upon this aspect of the Union’s work. Although most Union locals were segregated, especially in the South, white and black women both attended national meetings.

The Union’s heyday occurred during the nation’s rapid industrialization between 1880 and 1900. During these years the industrial working class was transformed from a predominantely native-born to an almost entirely immigrant-born population, most of whom were Catholic or Jewish. WCTU activists were more interested in “saving” immigrant communities from their foreign ways than in empowering immigrant women, but many of their reforms were adopted by the new women’s club movement and the social settlements that rose to prominence after 1900.

About The Author: Kathryn Kish Sklar, Distinguished Professor of History at the State University of New York, Binghamton, studies the history of women’s participation in social movements, in voluntary organizations and in American public culture, often with a comparative reference to women’s political activism in German and Britain.  Her books include Florence Kelley and the Nation’s Work: The Rise of Women’s Political Culture, 1830-1900 (Yale University Press, 1995), recepient of the 1995 Berkshire Prize of the Berkshire Conference of Women Historians; and recipient of the 1998 prize for the Outstanding Book in Nonprofit and Voluntary Action Research, awarded by the Association for Research on Nonprofit Organizations and Voluntary Action. She is also the author of Catharine Beecher: A Study in American Domesticity (Yale University Press, 1973), which won the 1974 Berkshire Prize. Her edited books include Social Justice Feminists in the United States and Germany: A Dialogue in Documents, 1885-1933 (Cornell University Press, 1998); U.S. History as Women’s History (University of North Carolina Press, 1995); Women and Power in American History (2 vols., Prentice Hall, 1991), The Social Survey Movement in Historical Perspective (Cambridge University Press, 1992). Her scholarly articles have been widely reprinted.