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Development in Africa Excerpt from Commanding Heights by Daniel Yergin and Joseph Stanislaw, 1998 ed., pp. 82-83. |
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India's independence in 1947 inspired nationalist movements and provided a model for decolonization and independence all over the world. By 1950, the old colonial order seemed to have lost its force, its historical relevance. Two world wars had thoroughly discredited the European powers' claim to a "civilizing mission." Back at home, colonial rule was losing its advocates, more and more of whom felt that the economic benefits no longer outweighed the growing burden of administering empires. And a new elite was on the rise throughout the colonies, made up of the lucky few who had acceded to Western education and returned with technical credentials as engineers, lawyers, or accountants. This new professional class had also absorbed Western political values, and could ably challenge colonial rule on its own terms. They formed political parties -- inspired, in many cases, by the Congress Party of Nehru and Gandhi -- and pressed for greater degrees of self-rule. They also became plausible candidates for a peaceful handover of power. In Britain and France -- by far the two largest colonial powers -- the view grew steadily in the 1950s that decolonization was inevitable. British prime minister Harold Macmillan called it "the wind of change." There would, of course, be exceptions. France would attempt to hold on to two of its colonies, Vietnam and Algeria, by force -- an ultimately futile effort that would carry a dire human cost. Portugal would cling to Angola and Mozambique until its own transition from dictatorship to democracy in 1975. From Commanding Heights by Daniel Yergin and Joseph Stanislaw. Copyright © 1998 by Daniel A. Yergin and Joseph Stanislaw. Reprinted by permission of Simon & Schuster, Inc., N.Y. |
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