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Early on the morning of July 25, 1909, French aviator Louis Blériot woke
up in a bad temper due to a recent injury. He refused breakfast and drove to
the field where his Type XI plane waited. Seeing that the weather was good, he
warmed up the engine and took off—into history. "A Daring Flight"
recounts one of the most spectacular feats of early aviation. The program
captures the thrilling formative years of flight, when the French in particular
were mad about airplanes and tried everything to fly.
"I think there was something in the water or the air in Paris at the turn of
the century that just produced these wonderful characters," says Tom Crouch,
Senior Curator of the Aeronautics Department at the National Air and Space
Museum. The same crazy spirit lived in Blériot's grandson, also named
Louis Blériot, whom NOVA follows in his project to repeat his forebear's
exploit in a nearly identical though now antique aircraft (see A Soaring
Obsession).
Among the risk-all aviators at the turn of the century was Albert
Santos-Dumont, who puttered around Paris in his dirigible and was the first in
France to get off the ground in a powered winged vehicle—a giant box kite
that careened across a field, seemingly tail-first, as the pilot stood bravely
at the controls.
Santos-Dumont's feat was in 1906, when the Wright brothers' secretive flights
in the United States were still only a rumor. Blériot, too, was part of
the action. He had made a modest fortune by inventing an acetylene-fueled
headlight for the newly popular automobile, and then threw his money and energy
into aviation. He tried a number of absurd-looking contraptions before hitting
on a design that could actually fly, or rather hop: the Blériot V.
NOVA focuses on the features of these early airplanes, which had wings for lift
and a motor and propeller for propulsion, but very little else in common with
one another (see Too Much Imagination). For example, investigators were still
experimenting with the number of wings. Most craft used two—a biplane
design—because of the inherent structural strength of that configuration.
Blériot, however, preferred a single-wing monoplane because it could
achieve greater speed.
The position of the control surfaces was also evolving, from front- to
rear-mounted. The biggest evolutionary change, though, came when the Wright
brothers finally began publicly displaying their flying machine in 1908. The
French were stunned at how effortlessly the Wright Flyer could maneuver through
the sky.
The secret turned out to be wing-warping, a method of balancing the wings to
allow the plane to roll and initiate a turn, much as a bicyclist leans when
going around a corner. Combined with simultaneous use of a rudder, the system
permitted the Wrights to make perfect circles in the air.
Blériot adopted the technique. By 1909 he had an airplane that could
compete for the cash prize offered to the first pilot to cross the English
Channel, which has for centuries been considered a formidable barrier
protecting Great Britain. The feat would make Blériot famous, and his
Type XI would become the world's most popular airplane in the period leading
up to the First World War. (To have a closer look at the plane, see Tour a
Blériot XI).
Indeed, it is a vintage Type XI that the great aviator's grandson intends to
fly across the English Channel on NOVA. Given the age of the aircraft, the
first Louis's mother's comment, almost 100 years ago, might still apply: "Louis
has gone completely mad. He wants to cross the Channel in a kite!"
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Louis Blériot makes history over the English Channel on July 25, 1909.
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