Promotional poster for M (1931, dir. Fritz Lang)

When Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in 1933, one of his earliest actions was to ban Jews from working in that country’s storied film industry, praised as the most creative cinema in the world. Men and women who had created landmarks of movie history fled their homeland in the ensuing months and years. Many of them went to Hollywood.

CINEMA’S EXILES: FROM HITLER TO HOLLYWOOD traces the experiences of the exiles who took refuge in Hollywood, and examines their impact on both the German and the American cinemas. In Germany, they had created such groundbreaking pictures as The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, The Blue Angel, and M-The Murderers Among Us. In Hollywood, their influence ranged from the horror genre and film noir, to comedy and drama. With their lush compositions, they changed the role of music in the motion picture. They even made westerns.

More than 800 film professionals escaped to Hollywood in the years between 1933 and 1939. They include actors Felix Bressart, Hedy Lamarr and Peter Lorre; directors Fritz Lang, Henry Koster, Billy Wilder and Fred Zinnemann; composers Frederick Hollander, Hans Salter and Franz Waxman; and cinematographer Rudy Mate. Not every exile found success in Hollywood; most never regained the fame they had known in Europe. Many had to seek work outside the industry. Still others would fail in America, financially dependent on the generosity of fellow Germans, among them actress Marlene Dietrich, and director Ernst Lubitsch. A few returned to Germany after the war — but not many. The majority had set upon the road taken by many refugees, that of integrating into the American culture – and giving an element of themselves back to that culture.

Production still from To Be Or Not To Be (1942, dir. Ernst Lubitsch)

By the 1950’s the émigré’s output reflected a degree of professional integration in Hollywood perhaps unimagined when they had all dreamt of California as a destination. Their films number among the classics of the American cinema. Excerpts from several of them are included in CINEMA’S EXILES: FROM HITLER TO HOLLYWOOD, among them The Bride of Frankenstein, Fury, The Adventures of Robin Hood, Ninotchka, To Be or Not To Be, Casablanca, The Wolf Man, Double Indemnity, Phantom Lady, Sunset Boulevard, High Noon, The Big Heat, and Some Like It Hot. The program also highlights the films created by the early German cinema, including The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, Metropolis, The Blue Angel, and M – The Murderers Among Us.

In addition to film clips, CINEMA’S EXILES includes a variety of visual elements: behind-the-scenes archival footage of director Fritz Lang in Germany, Marlene Dietrich’s Blue Angel screen test, rarely seen historical footage. Home movie footage and photographs have been provided to the production by the several of the exiles’ families, and the production has received the cooperation of the Museum of Film and Television, Berlin, the Academy of Motion Pictures, Los Angeles and the National Archives. Eyewitness accounts of this era are provided by screen actress Lupita Kohner, author Peter Viertel and with archive statements from Billy Wilder, Fritz Lang and Fred Zinnemann, among others.

Karen Thomas is an award-winning producer whose television productions are broadcast nationally in prime-time on PBS. Cinema’s Exiles: From Hitler to Hollywood continues Film Odyssey’s interest in biographical subjects and its long-standing association with AMERICAN MASTERS and Thirteen/WNET. Her biographical documentaries include Isaac Stern: Life’s Virtuoso, Robert Rauschenberg: Inventive Genius, and Edgar Allan Poe: Terror of the Soul. Historical productions include The GI Bill: The Law That Changed America, a history of the Washington National Cathedral, and programs on the American Bill of Rights. She produced a four-part series Dinosaurs!, narrated by Barbara Feldon; and A Gift from the Past, a special on the Makah Indian Nation, narrated by Wes Studi.

Prior to forming Film Odyssey in 1986, Karen Thomas was Vice-President of The Film Company, in Washington, DC, where she co-produced the television documentary Herman Melville, Damned in Paradise, produced a documentary about race and politics, and put into production a three-part series on F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway and Thomas Wolfe.

Karen Thomas began her television career at the Public Broadcasting Service, where responsibilities included working with independent producers, management of program discretionary funds, and the initiation of a long-term program planning system.

MARGARET SMILOW
Executive Producer, Thirteen/WNET New York

Ms. Smilow joined Thirteen/WNET as Director of Culture and Arts Documentaries in 1997. Recently she completed Barenboim on Beethoven on DVD (a six volume set distributed by EMI Classics) which features the great pianist performing all 32 Piano Sonatas (and 6 master classes) which won the prestigious “Jury Nomination” prize for best “Recording of the Year” as well as in the category of “Best Concert DVD” at the 2008 Midem Classical Music Awards, dedicated exclusively to honoring classical music in all its forms. Dream of Life about punk rocker and poet Patti Smith opened in competition at Sundance and won best cinematography 2008, and is in theatrical release and Simon Schama’s Power of Art, the 8 part television history of the creative moment that featured 8 artists won an International Emmy Award for the episode on Bernini.

Margie Smilow received the 1999 Creative Arts Emmy Award for Outstanding Classical Music -Dance Program for her film Itzhak Perlman: Fiddling For The Future and a Non-Fiction Series Emmy for Leonard Bernstein: Reaching For The Note. Her projects for GREAT PERFORMANCES include Maestro: Portrait of Valery Gergiev, Barenboim on Beethoven, Kurosawa, Making the Misfits and Degas and the Dance, which won a Peabody Award.

She is completing post production on You Cannot Start Without Me, a portrait of conductor Valery Gergiev for theatrical and DVD release as well Harlem in Montmartre, the story of what made jazz International, The Music Instinct on the science of how music effects us and Paris: The Luminous Years on the exciting birth of modernism in Paris.

What was the genesis for this project?
Serendipity. I received a telephone call from a man named John Waxman in the fall 2001. He had seen the documentary we had made on violinist Isaac Stern for PBS’ AMERICAN MASTERS, and wanted to know where we had found archive footage that featured his late father, composer Franz Waxman. John came to Washington some time later, and asked if we might have lunch. At that time, he told me about his father, who had orchestrated The Blue Angel, and had become a composer for the German cinema. When Adolf Hitler came to power, Franz Waxman fled to safety in America. Waxman went on to run the music division of Universal Studios, scored hundreds of Hollywood films, and earned two Academy Awards. At our lunch, John Waxman said that there were many German exiles from the film industry who had similar and similarly dramatic stories, but they had never been told. Did I, he asked, think it would make a good television documentary? Yes.

Tell us a little more about Franz Waxman’s story.
Franz Waxman was German, lived in Berlin, and had been the orchestrator of The Blue Angel. One evening, shortly after Adolf Hitler had come to power, Waxman was walking home from the studio when he was pulled into a dark alley by a group of Nazi thugs, and beaten. He got himself home to his apartment, and told his fiancée to pack her bags. They were going to leave Berlin that night. They took the train to Paris. A job in Paris took Waxman to a job in Hollywood. By Christmas time, Waxman’s visa was about to expire. He was invited to a Christmas party at the home of writer Salka Viertel. There, he met director James Whale, who said he had a picture he wanted Waxman to score. It was called The Bride of Frankenstein.

Why make Cinema’s Exiles for public television?
I have spent my entire career in public television. My career began at PBS, and I have been producing, directing and writing documentaries for public television ever since. Public television, and especially funders such as the National Endowment for the Humanities and the National Endowment for the Arts, give producers the encouragement and the wherewithal to make television programs that matter.

Do you have any special ties to this particular Hollywood community? Is this story a part of your personal/family history?
Although I have always admired the work of Billy Wilder, Fritz Lang, Peter Lorre, Paul Henreid – I had never known that they were refugees from Adolf Hitler. This story was new to me.

Once I began working on the film, I did find that I had a connection to the story. A good friend and fellow Washington producer, Catherine Wyler (whose father was William Wyler), suggested that I speak with her late mother’s best friend, Lupita Tovar Kohner, who had lived through this time. I spoke with Mrs. Kohner, then filmed an interview with her. Mrs. Kohner became a key witness to the story.

When making this film, did you encounter any resistance from the Hollywood community? The Berlin film community?
We have had nothing but encouragement and support from the Hollywood film community, and from the Museum of Film and Television in Berlin.

Have you heard from any of the families of the subjects you featured?
Every family that we contacted went out of their way to be helpful to us on this project. The families of Marlene Dietrich, Werner Richard Heymann, Frederich Hollander, Erich Wolfgang Korngold, Henry Koster, Ernst Lubitsch, Erich Pommer, Miklos Rozsa, Curt Siodmak, Salka Viertel, Franz Waxman, Fred Zinnemann – all of them have provided footage and photographs and encouragement.

What do you hope that the audience takes away from the film?
On the one hand, we hope that our audience will recognize and appreciate the contributions that the exiles have made to our great American cinema. We are, of course, a nation of immigrants, and the story of the exiles is another of the many examples that demonstrates what makes this country so unique. In addition, we hope that the program causes the audience to reflect on the courage of these men and women, individually and collectively. The indomitability of the human spirit is indeed remarkable. Despite unbelievable hardships, they soldiered on. Very few of them returned to Germany. America was now home.

What brought Sigourney Weaver to the project to narrate?
Several years ago, I saw Sigourney Weaver on stage in a play written by my friend Chris Durang, Sex and Longing. I was then, and have been ever since, impressed by her. She brings an intelligence, curiosity and understanding to any script. I asked Chris if he would bring us together, and he kindly did so.

What most surprised you when you were researching?
The sheer numbers of men and women who were forced to flee Adolf Hitler. And their courage. Their acceptance of the situation, and their steadfastness in moving forward. One might expect that these émigrés would spend the rest of their lives mourning the life left behind. We did not find anyone (or relatively few) who did so. Most of them recognized what had been left behind. (Everyone lost families in the Holocaust.) They did not look back.

Any story that had to be left on the cutting room floor you’d like to tell?
Director Douglas Sirk had a fascinating story. His wife was Jewish, although Sirk was not. Sirk began his career in the theater, then moved to directing films for UFA. He had always worked with the melodrama format, and used it for social commentary. By the late 1930’s, Sirk decided to leave Germany. He and his wife escaped over the border to Switzerland, and found their way to America. In Hollywood, he was initially shunned by fellow Germans. He directed an anti-Nazi film, then a series of widescreen and Technicolor melodramas for Universal Pictures. Magnificent Obsession and Imitation of Life are two of those successful pictures. Imitation of Life was, at the time, Universal Pictures’ most commercially successful film. Sirk was very successful in the United States, but did not like the Hollywood system. After Imitation of Life, he left the U.S.

What were the greatest difficulties for exiled talent once they arrived in Hollywood?
Aljean Harmetz, one of our consultants (also a writer for The New York Times), and author of an important study on Casablanca says that one cannot overstate the problem of language. Most of the exiles arrived speaking no English. Most of them had strong German/middle European accents. For actors especially, the accent could be a career-ender. The exception was the anti-Nazi films, which during the war were a boon to careers; the irony, of course, was that they were hired to play Nazis. Some actors, Peter Lorre being one of them, worked very hard to lose his Viennese accent. He succeeded, as did Paul Henreid, but the majority did not.

The unions were also a problem, particularly for those involved in crafts such as set direction, lighting, cinematography. These craftsmen and women found it extremely difficult to gain entry to the union; some of Germany’s finest cinematographers (and German cameramen were renowned throughout Europe) were refused admission. Fred Zinnemann was one of those rejected cinematographers; he took another route, became a director’s assistant, and ultimately a director.

Were the Germans and Austrians the primary group to exile here in such a fashion, or through the years have there been others?
Berlin, and the German cinema, had been a magnet for the talented filmmakers and actors in Europe in the 1920’s and the 1930’s. Composers, directors, writers, actors, cinematographers, etc. came to Berlin from Germany, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Poland – throughout middle Europe. The first wave of émigrés came to the United States from Berlin soon after Hitler’s takeover of the government. The next “wave” came from Austria, when Hitler took control in that country. However, it is important to note that those who could get out tried to do so whenever they could do – often with the assistance of men and women like Marlene Dietrich and Ernst Lubitsch.

What’s your next project?
Our next project is a documentary on American artist James McNeill Whistler. The development phase has been funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities and the National Endowment for the Arts. Nancy Porter, director of Louisa May Alcott, an upcoming AMERICAN MASTERS special, is working with us on the program as a director.

European and U.S. Film History and Genres

Memoirs, Autobiographies, and Novelizations

GERMAN FILM HISTORY LINKS:

Deutsche Kinemathek – Museum for Film and Television, Berlin

The Guide to German Film

German Film Home Page

Internet Movie Database

The German-Hollywood Connection

CineGraph: Gleanings from the History of German-Language Cinema

German Cinema on Video: Resources for Collections

German Film: A Brief History