BLACK HOLES AND BEYOND

Page  1  |  2  |  3  |  4

If an astronaut decided to journey into a black hole, he’d feel like he’d wandered into a medieval torture chamber. For a black hole with a few times the Sun’s mass, an astronaut heading in feet-first would have his feet pulled much more strongly than his head, and he’d end up looking like a spaghetti noodle.

       Because time slows down in strong gravitational fields, the astronaut’s watch would also run slow. To an outside observer, the astronaut would slow down to a stop when he reached the event horizon. But to the astronaut, the rest of the universe is running fast, and he’d see the entire history of the universe pass before his eyes before crossing the event horizon. The astronaut essentially leaves our universe—to end up who knows where, if he even survives—because, from his point of view, our universe will have ended.
 

Singularity

       If our intrepid astronaut continues through the event horizon, he will eventually end up at the very center of the black hole and witness one of the most bizarre entities in the universe: a singularity. This is the point (literally, in fact, because it has no dimensions) where general relativity breaks down. All we know about singularities is that they have zero size and infinite density—the entire mass of the black hole has been squeezed into this single point.

       For years, most scientists (including Einstein) rejected the existence of singularities because they were just too weird. Nevertheless, two men showed that singularities were not only possible under general relativity, but required. The British mathematician Roger Penrose proved that if black holes exist, they must produce singularities.

       Then Stephen Hawking took Penrose’s argument and turned it around. He pictured the evolution of an expanding universe as being like the collapse of a big star seen in reverse. And just as Penrose found that relativity demands a singularity at the end of a star’s collapse into a black hole, Hawking proved that an expanding universe described by general relativity must start from a singularity—the Big Bang. Remarkably, it appears that the same conditions exist both at the birth of our universe and in black holes, which may offer one-way tickets out of our universe.
 

Learn  more about:

Singularity

Black Holes

Gravity

Albert Einstein

 Stephen Hawking

 

Page  1  |  2  |  3  |  4

[Home]   [TV Schedule/Programs]

[PBS Online]   [Thirteen Online]