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On Universal & Ceremonial Law

Baruch Spinoza was born into a former converso family in Amsterdam. The philosophic system that he developed in his Tractatus theologico-politicus (1670) was antithetical to traditional Judaism, for Spinoza maintained that reason was superior to the Torah, or revealed knowledge. In the accompanying passage he accords universal law,which he regards as fundamental, primacy over ceremonial law, which he describes as ephemeral.

 

 

 

. . . we have shown that the divine law, which renders man truly blessed, and teaches them the true life, is universal to all men; nay, we have so intimately deduced it from human nature that it must be esteemed innate, and, as it were, ingrained in the human mind.

But with regard to the ceremonial observances which were ordained in the Old Testament for the Hebrews only, and were so adapted to their state that they could for the most part only be observed by the society as a whole and not by each individual, it is evident that they formed no part of the divine law, and had nothing to do with blessedness and virtue, but had reference only to the election of the Hebrews, that is . . . to their temporal bodily happiness and the tranquillity of their kingdom, and therefore were only valid while that kingdom lasted.

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