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On
Universal & Ceremonial Law
Baruch Spinoza
was born into a former converso family in Amsterdam. The philosophic
system that he developed in his Tractatus theologico-politicus
(1670) was antithetical to traditional Judaism, for Spinoza maintained
that reason was superior to the Torah, or revealed knowledge.
In the accompanying passage he accords universal law,which he
regards as fundamental, primacy over ceremonial law, which he
describes as ephemeral.
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. . we have shown that the divine law, which renders man
truly blessed, and teaches them the true life, is universal
to all men; nay, we have so intimately deduced it from human
nature that it must be esteemed innate, and, as it were,
ingrained in the human mind.
But with regard to the ceremonial observances which were
ordained in the Old Testament for the Hebrews only, and
were so adapted to their state that they could for the most
part only be observed by the society as a whole and not
by each individual, it is evident that they formed no part
of the divine law, and had nothing to do with blessedness
and virtue, but had reference only to the election of the
Hebrews, that is . . . to their temporal bodily happiness
and the tranquillity of their kingdom, and therefore were
only valid while that kingdom lasted.
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