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In 1875, the lame-duck Republican-controlled Congress, in a last-ditch effort to protect what remained of Reconstruction, managed to pass a civil-rights bill that sought to guarantee freedom of access, regardless of race, to the "full and equal
enjoyment" of many public facilities. Citizens were given the right to sue for personal damages. The two key clauses read as follows:
"Be it enacted, That all persons within the jurisdiction
of the United States shall be entitled to the full and
equal enjoyment of the accommodations, advantages, facilities,
and privileges of inns, public
conveyances on land or water, theaters, and other places
of public amusement; subject only to the conditions and
limitations established by law, and applicable alike to
citizens of every race and color, regardless of any previous
condition of servitude.
"SEC. 2. That any person who shall violate the foregoing
section by denying to any citizen, except for reasons
by law applicable to citizens of every race and color,
and regardless of any previous condition of servitude,
the full enjoyment of any of the accommodations, advantages,
facilities, or privileges in said section enumerated,
or by aiding or inciting such denial, shall, for every
such offense, forfeit and pay the sum of five hundred
dollars to the person aggrieved thereby, ... and shall
also, for every such offense, be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor,
and, upon conviction thereof, shall be fined not less
than five hundred nor more than one thousand dollars,
or shall be imprisoned not less than thirty days nor more
than one year ... "
Federal courts were given exclusive jurisdiction over all cases arising under the act. Barring any qualified person from serving as a grand or petit juror was made a crime, albeit a misdemeanor. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 was rarely enforced was eventually declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1883.
-- Richard Wormser
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After 1875, Congress didn't pass another civil rights bill until 1957. |
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