In 1839, an American diplomat named John Lloyd Stephens was exploring the jungles of western Honduras when he came upon an abandoned city of stone rising out of the thick vines and brush.

“The city was desolate,” he later wrote. “It lay before us like a shattered bark in the midst of the ocean, her masts gone, her name effaced, her crew perished, and none to tell whence she came, to whom she belonged, how long her voyage, or what caused her destruction. … All was mystery, impenetrable mystery.”

Today, archaeologists know that Stephens stumbled across Copan, one of the great monumental cities built about 1,500 years ago by the ancient Maya. Researchers believe that up to 3.4 million Maya once roamed the jungles and plains of Central America before their civilization collapsed, leaving behind less than a million people — and scores of ruined cities complete with massive stone pyramids, ceremonial plazas, and carved monuments. As NATURE’s Deep Jungle: The Beast Within shows, many such structures are still hidden within the jungle, waiting to be uncovered by researchers.

The Maya’s Copan isn’t the only great jungle city that now feels like a ghost town. Angkor, located in Cambodia, is another metropolis that flourished in the forests. Archaeologists believe that this ancient city once covered 835 square miles and supported as many as a million people.

What happened to these previously thriving cultural centers? Although there is still much debate, researchers increasingly believe that the cities simply became too big for the local environment to support. Forest clearing may have altered local climates, perhaps reducing water supplies and making farmers more vulnerable to periodic bouts of drought or disease. According to this hypothesis, deforestation started a cultural domino effect, sparking violent conflicts over natural resources that ultimately spiraled out of control, forcing massive migration to safer areas and leaving these once vibrant cities to crumble with neglect.

Today, new technologies are allowing cities to sprout again in the jungles of the Amazon and South Asia. In the ancient Maya and Angkor civilizations, local resources were eventually strained. Now, deep wells bring water, while food and energy flow from sources that are often continents away. It’s still too early to tell if, this time around, humans will win their battle to survive within the jungle.

In the meantime, city residents continue to discover indigenous tribes who have long called the jungle their home. Every year, officials in Brazil, Indonesia, and other tropical nations report making contact with previously unknown groups of jungle dwellers who speak their own languages and have had virtually no contact with the outside world. In Indonesia, for instance, the government recently recognized the Vahudate and Aukedate tribes — tall, dark people with curly hair and an unusual form of sign language. In Brazil, specialists are still debating whether several Amazon tribes are truly new, or simply subgroups of known forest tribes.

Whatever the answers to such questions, one thing is clear: these people of the jungle know their environment intimately. In NATURE’s Deep Jungle, for instance, viewers meet the BaAka of Central Africa as they help a researcher track western lowland gorillas. The BaAka are one of several tribes known as pygmies because of their short stature. Adults often reach just four feet in height.

There are about 20,000 BaAka tribe members living in the forests of the Dzanga-Sangha national park. They live off the jungle, stalking and catching game with nets and weapons, and harvesting a wide array of fruits and roots. They build their shelter with few flexible poles and some leaves or bark. Such skills have led the BaAka to become invaluable guides to researchers in one of the most challenging environments on Earth, the jungle.

Can the secrets of our past be found in the jungle? And what can it tell us about our future?

Accompany researchers in NATURE’s Deep Jungle: The Beast Within as they explore tropical forests for clues about the origins of humans and what our own future might hold.

In a bid to understand the genesis of human aggression, primatologist David Watts travels to Uganda’s Kibale National Park to study chimpanzees. In the past, researchers had witnessed these primates hunting, killing, and eating colobus monkeys. Watts, however, made a chilling new discovery that these primates also hunted and murdered their own kind. The theory under investigation is that violence may help chimp groups cement social ties.

In Brazil, clever capuchin monkeys use heavy rocks to crack open nuts for food. “Deep Jungle: The Beast Within” marks the first time the behavior has been captured on film. Tool use, which was previously thought to be a skill only of primates — humans and chimps — reminds us that human abilities arose long before the evolution of our species.

In Central America and Cambodia, archaeologists ponder the ruined remains of ancient cities that once flourished in the jungle. What might have happened to these lost civilizations? And can modern cities avoid the fate that befell those that came before?

In the Central African Republic, primatologist Chloe Cipolletta enlists the help of the BaAka people in her effort to preserve the jungle’s future. The BaAka have lived in the forest for generations, and are experts at tracking the elusive western lowland gorilla. Together, Chloe and the BaAka are gaining the gorilla’s trust and in return, the BaAka are learning to see the gorillas as more than a threat.

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Online content for Deep Jungle was originally posted in May 2005.

Some are big, some are small. They wear feathered coats of amazing colors, or drab plumage that wouldn’t turn a head. Some are loud and raucous, others remarkably mellow. They are the world’s macaws — long tailed parrots that are both greatly beloved — and terribly endangered. And, for the most part, poorly understood.

Macaws are the world’s largest parrots. There are 17 different kinds, ranging in size from the magnificent cobalt-blue hyacinth, which can weigh in at 3 pounds, to the petite Hahns, which might weigh just a tenth as much. Whatever their size, however, macaws are marked by long, graceful tails that can be longer than their bodies. And, in general, larger macaws are more brightly colored than their smaller cousins.

Macaws can be found throughout Central and South America, from wet tropical rainforests to dry scrub lands. But many species prefer to be near rivers or streams; indeed, some of the most famous macaw-watching spots are muddy banks, where macaws apparently gather to harvest minerals and salt from the soil.

For heftier meals, macaws tackle everything from fruit and nectar to seeds and nuts. Often, they will forage over vast distances to find trees flush with ripe pickings. And they can be choosy about nesting sites, taking time to find just the right cavity in a tree or bank.

Scientists, however, know remarkably little about macaw family life. Some believe they mate for life, and produce just a few young a year. Some may live for 60 years or more.

Increasingly, however, they aren’t getting the chance. Habitat loss and hunting are taking a terrible toll. While a few of the 17 macaw species are still abundant, more than half a dozen are considered critically threatened or endangered. There are believed to be less than 3,000 hyacinth macaws in the wild, for instance, and less than 1,000 red-fronted and blue-throated macaws. Just a single Spix’s macaw may still be in the wild. The glaucus macaw is probably already extinct.

Conservationists are racing the clock to prevent that fate from overtaking other macaws. They are monitoring populations and weighing chicks — often working high in dangerous treetops. Others are recording habits and behavior, looking for clues to designing better protection strategies or reserves. Its often exacting, but necessary, work. “Unless we understand their wild biology,” says macaw expert Charles Munn, who is featured in NATURE’s The Real Macaw “we may not be able to avoid the extinction of species after species of these spectacular New World parrots.”