KIM LAWTON, correspondent: At the CORE/El Centro natural healing center in Milwaukee, Sister Madeline Gianforte is using Reiki on one of her clients. In this Eastern healing technique, practitioners place their hands on or above someone in an effort to enhance the body’s flow of energy. They say that can lead to physical and spiritual healing.

SISTER MADELINE GIANFORTE (CORE/El Centro): As a practitioner, I’m just facilitating that energy. But you are doing your own healing in the sense of connecting to the divine and the healing that happens within.

LAWTON: Gianforte is a nun with the Sisters of Saint Agnes. She’s also a trained Reiki master. She says Reiki fits well with her faith.

Sister Madeline Gianforte

GIANFORTE: It’s an incredibly spiritual, prayerful experience for me. It calms the inner part of my being so much that I can tap that deepest place, the core place of who I am.

LAWTON: But the US Catholic bishops say Reiki is superstition, and they’ve urged Catholics not to provide or support it. Reverend Tom Weinandy is executive director of the bishops’ doctrine committee.

REV. TOM WEINANDY (US Conference of Catholic Bishops): The problem that we had with Reiki, in the end, was that we felt it sort of fell between the crack, that it was neither really a medical or scientific technique nor was it a religious technique that was compatible with Christianity.

LAWTON: Reiki, with its strong emphasis on the spiritual, was developed in Japan in the early 20th century. Using various hand positions, practitioners help their clients access what they call a universal life force, a spiritual or divine energy force. They claim that energy force can reduce stress and accelerate the body’s natural healing process. A favorite of New Age centers, Reiki is also increasingly used in hospitals and medical clinics.

GIANFORTE: I did a lot of Reiki with my mom when she had cancer, and she was very, very sick with chemo and radiation, and one of the greatest things for her was that it alleviated a lot of the side-effects and the symptoms of radiation and chemo, and then ultimately in her final stages it kind of allowed her to peacefully go.

LAWTON: Gianforte helped found the nonsectarian CORE/El Centro as a place where everyone, but especially low-income people, could have access to alternative medicine and natural healing techniques. Reiki is one of many practices here based on an Eastern holistic philosophy focusing on the body, the mind and the spirit.

GIANFORTE: If the spirit isn’t addressed, and only the body is, a complete healing won’t be possible.

LAWTON: Lauri Lumby Schmidt uses Reiki in her ministry as a spiritual director.

LAURI LUMBY SCHMIDT (Authentic Freedom Ministries): There is a wide range of things that people can experience, but it does tend to be much more profound than just straight relaxation.

LAWTON: Schmidt did her Reiki training or “attunements” with Catholic nuns, who she says, taught it from a Christian perspective.

SCHMIDT: When I really look at Jesus’ ministry and what he was all about, it was about healing, and he empowered his disciples to do the same thing. He commissioned them to go out and heal.

LAWTON: But the Catholic bishops say they received more and more questions about Reiki, so they commissioned a study, and last year released guidelines which said “a Catholic who puts his or her trust in Reiki would be operating in the realm of superstition.” And the guidelines concluded “it would be inappropriate for Catholic institutions, such as Catholic health care facilities and retreat centers, or persons representing the Church, such as Catholic chaplains, to promote or to provide support for Reiki therapy.”

WEINANDY: God is God, and human beings are human beings, and we can petition God, but we can’t manipulate him, and we felt that this was what was happening in the context of Reiki, that the person learned how to be in touch with the divine cosmic forces such that they could now manipulate it through a laying on of hands or a massage or something that the person could be healed.

LAWTON: Many Reiki supporters were taken aback by the statement’s tone.

GIANFORTE: It’s not a religion. It’s just a practice that assists people in connecting more deeply to the more spiritual soul places within themselves, so I was pretty surprised by that.

LAWTON: The document said the Church recognizes two kinds of healing: natural means through the practice of medicine and healing by God’s divine grace. In the Christian tradition, there is the sacramental anointing with oil and the laying on of hands.

WEINANDY: Christians can pray for one another, lay hands on a sick person, and ask Jesus to heal them, but you’re not channeling divine energies through your hands.

LAWTON: Weinandy says sometimes individuals or even places such as the pilgrimage site in Lourdes, France appear to have a special gift of healing. But he says physical healing is never guaranteed, and it’s always up to the will of God.

WEINANDY: It’s not that he loves one person more than the other, but we don’t know why the Lord would heal one and not another person, but it is a mystery.

LAWTON: Reiki practitioners deny that they are trying to manipulate God.

Rev. Tom Weinandy

SCHMIDT: You can tell when you are facilitating and sharing Reiki with someone that you are not guiding it, you know. You can tell that there’s a higher power that is doing the work.

LAWTON: Schmidt says she chooses to give the credit to God.

SCHMIDT: For me, Reiki is another form of prayer. It’s allowing myself to be a vessel through which then God’s healing can then be experienced by the person that is receiving the Reiki.

WEINANDY: If you try to plug Reiki into Christianity, what you’re saying is Jesus is not good enough on his own. He’s got to be supplemented by something else, in this case, the divine forces, so you’re either downgrading Jesus and Christianity or you’re taking the heart out of Reiki.

LAWTON: The bishops’ document is not a mandate, and local dioceses may implement it as they choose. But Reiki supporters say it’s already had a chilling effect. Many Catholic institutions, including hospitals and retreat centers, are no longer offering Reiki, and most nuns are reluctant to speak publicly about their use of Reiki.

SCHMIDT: Some people, I think, find comfort in the perceived security of a black and white theology, and Reiki doesn’t fit within that black and white theology, and so in those kinds of situations there tends to be judgment, there tends to be fear, there tends to be reaction.

LAWTON: Schmidt says she’s sad the bishops would oppose something that has meant so much to her spiritually.

SCHMIDT: I see Reiki as being life-giving. It definitely flows out of my relationship with God. It’s drawing me closer in my relationship with God. I certainly have grown in my awe and wonder over how God can work in the world.

LAWTON: But Church leaders say they believe Reiki is spiritually dangerous.

WEINANDY: I want to stick with Jesus. I don’t want to open myself up to other forces that may be, you know, supernatural in some sense but not of God. I think it’s a risky business to be playing around with this sort of thing.

LAWTON: While the theological debates continue, the National Institutes of Health has funded a study on the possible health effects of Reiki.

I’m Kim Lawton in Milwaukee.

BOB ABERNETHY: And now the ministry of parish nurses or congregation nurses. They’re sent out by their faith communities to provide health services to fellow parishioners. Working 20 to 25 hours a week, they provide care at no charge. The nurses themselves are paid either by their congregations or, in poorer communities, by hospitals or foundations. The idea has caught on. There are now 10,000 to 15,000 parish nurses in this country. From Chicago, Judy Valente reports.

Ms. YORUBA SIDDIQ (United Church of Christ): I pray all day every day. I pray as I walk. I pray as I talk. Prayer is a living thing for me.

Ms. LORETTA CALDWELL: Come right on in.

JUDY VALENTE: Yoruba Siddiq often visits the ill and the elderly members of her congregation on Chicago’s South Side. She spends time with them in prayer.

Ms. SIDDIQ: Most gracious and eternal God, I thank you for this day.

VALENTE: But these visits aren’t merely social or even pastoral. Yoruba Siddiq is here primarily as a registered nurse, sent by her church to check on the physical, as well as the spiritual well-being of her fellow parishioners. With hospital visits getting shorter and medical bureaucracy more complex, churches, mosques, and synagogues are becoming an important health resource. More and more religious groups are trying to get their members to look at health as a gift from God. The parish nurse helps by serving as health counselor, liaison to the medical community, and role model for showing the connection between faith and health.

Reverend DELOIS BROWN-DANIELS (Advocate Health Care): As time went on, we kind of gave our bodies to the medical community, we gave the minds to the psychiatrist, and we kept the spirit in the church. When you come to worship on Sunday morning, you don’t leave your body outside the doors.

VALENTE: Congregation nurses are almost always RNs, but to avoid liability issues, they aren’t expected to perform complex medical procedures. They focus on simple forms of screening, wellness education, and helping people find proper medical care.

Ms. ANN SOLARI-TWADELL (International Parish Nurse Resources Center): They’re not going to be monitoring medications, monitoring IVs, that sort of thing. That is the role of the home care nurse or the community health nurse. The real key is that they’re meeting people earlier in their disease process, just someone listening to them and helping them figure out what is going on in their life.

VALENTE: Starting with just six Chicago area nurses in 1985, parish nursing has now spread to nearly every state and four foreign countries. Three thousand congregation nurses were trained in just the past three years, not just at churches but at a mosque and synagogues. A thousand parish nurses gathered in suburban Chicago recently for a series of workshops covering subjects like health and prayer, men’s health, and the healing power of music.

VALENTE: This nurse plans to introduce parish nursing in Swaziland, an African nation where nearly 25 percent of the population is HIV positive.

Ms. THANDIWE DLAMINI (Swaziland): My church has got 25 parishes and about 10 other outstations, so it really increased the coverage of the government and non-government organizations who work in HIV and AIDS.

VALENTE: In the U.S., parish nurses play a vital role in impoverished communities.

Reverend LEROY SANDERS (United Church of Christ): Those who come, who have no insurance, who have no job, who are homeless and jobless, then she’s able to minister to them.

VALENTE: What types of problems do people come to you with?

Ms. SIDDIQ: Just about every medical problem that you probably could think of, with the basic medical problems in the black community being hypertension, diabetes.

VALENTE: Loretta Caldwell is still recovering from the spinal surgery she had two years ago. Her parish nurse visited her daily at the hospital.

Ms. CALDWELL: She always had words of comfort for me, we always had prayer, you know. Anything that she thought I needed, she would see that I got it and so forth, you know, and she took time with me, which I needed, time.

Ms. SIDDIQ: I get to combine my spiritual life, my spiritual being, with my nursing career. You can pray with the patient. We can address the patient’s spiritual concerns, concerns about God, that usually when you are in a hospital setting, you’re not really free to do as much.

(On telephone) Hello, Vel, how are you doing? This is Yoruba, your parish nurse. I just called to see how you were feeling.

VALENTE: Yoruba Siddiq is paid through a grant from Advocate Health Care, a non-profit hospital group. Increasing numbers of hospitals are funding parish nurses in poor areas.

Rev. BROWN-DANIELS: Absolutely, it’s a good investment. It is in the best interest of any hospital to partner with the faith communities in order to provide the ongoing support that the people will need once they leave the hospital.

VALENTE: Forty miles but a world away from Yoruba Siddiq’s neighborhood, Saralea Holstrom is on staff at Our Savior’s Lutheran Church in Naperville, Illinois. The role of the parish nurse in this affluent community is no less important.

Ms. SARALEA HOLSTROM (Our Savior’s Lutheran Church): I just try to be available, easily accessible. For someone to talk to me, they don’t have to press one for this and press two for that. I am a human being who answers the phone.

You’re looking good.

Ms. LOIS CLARK: Well, I’m feeling pretty good.

Ms. HOLSTROM: Good. Good. And your dialysis is going all right?

Ms. CLARK: Well, it’s going real good, yeah.

Ms. HOLSTROM: This lady is on dialysis. She has a port in her arm. There’s been a couple times where there was a question about is this perhaps infected?

Well, I brought communion. Peace to you from our Lord Jesus Christ. The body of Christ given for you, Lois.

VALENTE: It is the type of holistic care Lois Clark can’t get from the nurses she sees at her dialysis sessions three times a week.

Ms. CLARK: They’re just — they’ll take your blood pressure and they take care of that, which theirs reaches more into your personal and to your soul and the spiritual end of it, you know, along with the — it helps you cope with your medical problems, you know, just to have that faith and that connection there.

VALENTE: At the very heart of parish nursing is a strong belief in the relationship between soul, mind and body, faith and healing.

Ms. SIDDIQ: One of the main spiritual concerns is why is this happening to me? Why is God letting this happen to me? And even though we don’t know the answer, we always let them know that God is with them, even through this sickness and healing.

Ms. HOLSTROM: Now and forever, amen.

Ms. SIDDIQ: I ask this, in the name of Jesus, amen.

Ms. CALDWELL: Amen.

VALENTE: For Religion & Ethics NewsWeekly, this is Judy Valente in Chicago.