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COVER STORY:
Human Cloning
February 7, 2003    Episode no. 623
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BOB ABERNETHY, anchor: A coalition of scientific, political and religious leaders called this week for a permanent ban on all human cloning. That ban would include therapeutic cloning, which has gained considerable scientific support because of its potential as a cure for disease. Former First Lady Nancy Reagan backed therapeutic cloning this week. Much more controversial is the idea of cloning human beings, which the Raelian sect recently claimed to have done successfully. Opponents of reproductive cloning call it "a threat to human dignity." Lucky Severson reports.

Photo of copycat LUCKY SEVERSON: So this is Copy Cat. Appropriately named, because she is a cloned kitten. Copy Cat has no dad. Her mom, from whom she was cloned, might just as well be her twin. For millions of Americans, Copy Cat represents a frightening development and further proof that human cloning is right around the corner.

RAELIAN ANNOUNCEMENT: We have now three babies that are fully healthy and in good shape.

Photo of Clonaid representative SEVERSON: The prevailing wisdom now is that the sect called the Raelians was telling less than the complete truth when the spokesperson announced the clonings. But could offer no proof. You could almost hear a collective sigh of relief from across America.

Unidentified Man: I think it is tampering with God and with what God intends.

SEVERSON: A view shared by the Catholic Church which objects to any child reproduced with the use of technology. Richard Doerflinger of the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops.

RICHARD DOERFLINGER (U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops): Each human should be arising from this act of love between a husband and a wife and not reduced to a laboratory procedure.

SEVERSON: Many scientists prefer to keep a low profile on the subject, Lee Silver, a geneticist at Princeton University who has met Dolly the sheep, says the hysteria is misplaced.

Dr. LEE SILVER (Princeton Geneticist): It is unfortunate that the world is very frightened by the technology. They are afraid that somehow biotechnology is infringing upon the soul of mother nature.

Photo of Dr. Panps Zavos Dr. PANOS ZAVOS (Fertility Specialist): We're not trying to fool Mother Nature. We're trying to help people.

SEVERSON: Fertility specialist Dr. Panos Zavos says he treats infertile couples who have no other options.

Dr. ZAVOS: We hope that within this first trimester of this year we will have an ongoing pregnancy.

SEVERSON: Zavos says he believes in God and when he clones a baby, he'll be doing God's work.

Dr. ZAVOS: The only thing that God said is you know, I created you, you take over this Earth and multiply and proliferate. And make this a better place for all of us. And that is pretty much what my spirit has been in that I help people have children.

SEVERSON: Dr. Zavos's wholesome view of cloning is not typical. It scares most of us.

Truth is, we probably have some misconceptions about cloned humans.

Photo of Dr. Lee Silver Dr. SILVER: The term clone is being used in the sense of scientists gaining the ability to create life, to control the soul in some way. And that is not what this technology can do. The technology really is very limited. All it allows is for the birth of an animal or a child someday who has all of its genes from one of its parents.

SEVERSON: On the surface the procedure of cloning seems quite simple. Researchers extract the nucleus, all the DNA from a woman's egg. Then they insert cells of the person wanting to be cloned into the egg which is then put into the womb. The result -- a twin brother or sister with the exact DNA.

From Film "Austin Powers": He is exactly like you in every way. Except one eighth your size.

Dr. Evil: Breathe taking. I shall call him Mini Me.

SEVERSON: Like Mini Me, a cloned child will look a lot like it's parent but will not have an identical personality.

Photo of labwork Dr. SILVER: You wouldn't know it was a clone unless you did a DNA analysis. So that child is going to have a soul just like any other child would have a soul. In fact, that child is unique just like identical twins who have the same DNA, but are unique individuals.

Mr. DOERFLINGER: I think it is a world where we are in danger of seeing our own fellow human beings and our own children as more like objects or commodities rather than as our own equals.

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Dr. ZAVOS: To me that issue will never be an issue. The issue will be that those are the children of those parents. That they would be loved dearly.

RAELIAN ANNOUNCEMENT: He is the clone of a baby boy who died at the age of two.

Dr. NANCY DUFF (Princeton Theological Seminary): The emotional stress put on a child who knows that he or she was brought into the world to replace another -- I think we need to take that very seriously. What kind of harm could that do?

SEVERSON: Ethicists like Nancy Duff worry about the children that are cloned. How will they be perceived? Will a cloned child be psychologically damaged just because it is cloned? Who is it's real father or real mother? What does it mean to be the sister or brother of your parent?

Photo of Dr. Nancy Duff Dr. DUFF: There are complications that arise from that. We can't just glibly overlook that and say oh that is not a problem.

SEVERSON: Many of the same concerns were expressed about in vitro fertilization .

Dr. SILVER: With IVF when the first test-tube babies were born in the late 70s and the early 80s, there were a lot of bio-ethicists who said they will be under tremendous psychological harm and it's turned out that they are no more likely to psychologically harmed than any other child.

SEVERSON: When the world's first in vitro baby, Louise Brown was born, there was worldwide alarm. Now one percent of births in the U. S. are in vitro. Many scientists believe we will become just as accepting of human cloning.

Photo of pro-cloning protest In Japan recently, a protest actually supporting human cloning. But science is still cautious, for good reason. Scientists have cloned sheep, cattle and pigs, but over 95 percent have ended up with defects .

Dr. SILVER: Their rate of birth defects is very high. Which is why I think a rational, ethical physician team, even if they like the idea of using this technology for reproduction, wouldn't do it right now.

Mr. DOERFLINGER: You can make almost anything work if you are willing to set aside all ethics, set aside every other approach to the problem and just pour millions and billions of money into it and not worry about the victims along the way.

SEVERSON: The vast majority of churches and religious organizations strongly oppose cloning as an ungodly creation of man. But most scientists we have spoken with say they are not nearly as worried about cloning, but what goes hand-in-hand with cloning -- designer babies.

Dr. SILVER: What cloning does it is facilitates the future of genetic engineering.

SEVERSON: A designed society where kids can be engineered to be stronger, healthier, and smarter. Kids with rich parents. Professor Silver worries that we will end up with a two class society.

Dr. SILVER: The problem is that it is going to discriminate between those who can afford it and those who can't afford it.

SEVERSON: Richard Doerflinger thinks we're on a slippery slope. First in vitro fertilization. Then women selling their eggs. Now doctors discarding embryos that don't meet their needs. We can control or ban the science with legislation.

Photo of Richard Doerflinger Mr. DOERFLINGER: Or there is another path that opens up where we increasingly strip mine each other for parts. In which we see some human lives as disposable -- in ways that we keep convincing ourselves they are justified by the ends we have in mind. In the process, we are very much in danger of demeaning our whole humanity.

SEVERSON: Dr. Zavos wants Congress to approve regulation governing nuclear transplantation, or human cloning. Because he says without it, cloning factories could spring up everywhere.

Dr. ZAVOS: Eventually every IVF program on this earth could very easily turn out to be a cloning center. The only thing we need to add to an IVF program -- an existing IVF program is a little equipment, and a little bit of know how. If that know how exists, then anybody can do it.

SEVERSON: President Bush and Congress want a ban on human cloning . But will that matter?

Dr. SILVER: There is no way to control the technology. Even if it is outlawed in the United States. It is outlawed in Europe. There are going to be some small island countries somewhere that are going to be very accepting of the tax revenue that they're going to get from clinics.

SEVERSON: Just a few years ago human cloning was only in the realm of science fiction. This year it could be a reality.

For RELIGION & ETHICS NEWSWEEKLY, I'm Lucky Severson.

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