Saddam’s Ultimate Solution ~ Map: The Kurdish “Problem” and Saddam’s Ultimate Solution

July 11th, 2002

Saddam's Ultimate Solution
Map: The Kurdish "Problem" and Saddam's Ultimate Solution

Map View 3: Iraqi Attacks on Kurds
Campaign 1 ; Date 02-03/88	Deaths: 32 +
Campaign 2; Date 03/88	Deaths: 87 +
Campaign 3; Date 04/88	Deaths: 15 – 25
Campaign 4; Date 04/88	Deaths: 163 -309
Campaign 5, 6, 7; Date 05-08/88	Deaths: 52 +
Campaign 8; Date 04/88	Deaths: 51 +
Halabja; Date 03/88	Deaths: 3,200 – 5,000
Map View 4: Legacy of the Anfal
Disease: Infant Mortality	x4
Disease: Leukemia	x3 – x4
Disease: Lymphoma	x3 – x4
Disease: Cleft Palate	x3
Disease: Spina Bifida	x3
Disease: Heart Defect	x3
Disease: Down’s Syndrome	x3
Disease: Miscarriage	x3

: Map View 3- The "Anfal" Campaigns
Hoping for independence, some Iraqi Kurds fought for Iran in the 1970s and during the Iran-Iraq war. To deter border insurgency, Saddam Hussein in 1987 and 1988 exterminated up to 100,000 Kurds in the Anfal campaigns. ("Anfal" is a Koranic reference meaning "spoils of war.") Some 5,000 people died in the "experimental" chemical attacks accompanying the Anfal.

: Map View 4- Legacy of the Anfal
Up to 10 percent of Iraq's nearly four million Kurds were exposed to chemical and perhaps biological toxins in 1988. Fourteen years later, clear signs of long-term health effects are emerging. Later this year British geneticist Christine Gosden hopes to publish a scientific study suggesting the ultimate toll that Iraq's Kurds have paid. Below is Gosden's informal comparison of illness rates for Halabja-- the town hardest hit during the Anfal-- with those of an unaffected city.

: Kurdistan
Unlike neighboring Arabs, Persians and Turks, the Kurds failed to secure a modern state. Nevertheless, Kurdistan exists as a distinct nation that governments in Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria alike regard warily as a fifth column that blurs already hard-to-defend mountain borders.

: The Kurdish Region
Between 25 and 30 million Kurds live amid one of the world's most sensitive border regions. Here, NATO-member Turkey meets Syria, as well as Iran and Iraq, whose 1980-1988 war cost up to one million lives.