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Judith Kipper discusses Iran with anchor Bill Moyers.
 Watch the video.
Read the transcript.
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In June 2005, Iran elected a hardline conservative president. How will the election results affect Iran's reform movement?
"How Iran's Reformers Lost their Political Way"
By Scott Peterson
Reprinted from the July 01, 2005 edition of the CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MONITOR
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The Nobel Peace Prize winner could not be more emphatic about the election that swept Iran's hard-liners into the president's office a week ago.
"Nothing has changed in Iran," says human rights lawyer Shirin Ebadi, her gaze unwavering as she sits in her modest basement office in Tehran. "Those who were in power are still in power. Why should it get better? If it's been bad up to now, it's going to be bad from now on."
Iran's unelected supreme religious leader still wields ultimate authority; and hard-line ideologues and militants have successfully blocked, sometimes violently, popular efforts to reform.
But while that political dynamic may not have changed, the movement that propelled outgoing President Mohammad Khatami to his first landslide victory in 1997 - borne upon promises of democracy, respect for human rights, and more social freedom - is now unrecognizable.
Divided and now deeply resented, the reform camp has disintegrated, analysts say, and is out of touch with Iranians who now rate rhetoric about freedom below solutions to grave economic problems. Analysts, in fact, no longer speak of a reform "movement" at all, but say that it has collapsed into an agenda with little direction that will drive it into the future.
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| 1921 |
Pahlavi Takes Power: Reza Pahlavi, a military officer, stages a coup and abolishes the Qajar dynasty.
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| 1925 |
The Rise of the Shah: Pahlavi declares himself Shah; emulating Turkey's Kemal Ataturk, he puts Persia on a westernization program and begins a program to modernize and secularize institutions and industry.
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| 1941 |
Changing of the Guard: Reza Shah Pahlavi supports the Axis powers during World War II; under pressure from Britain and Russia he steps down and the throne passes to his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, who proves to be a weak leader. The Majles (parliament) begins to exercise more control over the government.
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| 1951 |
Nationalization: Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadeq sponsors a bill to nationalize Iran's oil industry (controlled by the British-run Anglo-Iranian Oil Company). The Majles votes for the bill, and follows through with nationalization. Western countries respond by boycotting Iranian oil.
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"I think you have to have bread in the first place, to eat, and talk of freedom next," says Mrs. Ebadi, who has taken on some of the most politically sensitive cases in Iran. "But can [president-elect Mahmoud] Ahmadinejad give bread to the people? The president does not have much power."
Those limits have been made clear during the tenure of Mr. Khatami, who, many argue, became part of the problem for not standing up, early in his presidency, when challenged by the hard-line judiciary and security services who shut down newspapers and jailed opponents.
"Khatami did not provide leadership for the reformists - he was more like a spokesman, and no one else had the authority or the mandate to lead," says Nasser Hadian-Jazy, a US-educated political scientist at Tehran University.
"This election shows reformists out of touch with their constituents, and shows that people can't eat human rights and democracy," says Mr. Hadian-Jazy. "[I]t is no longer a movement ... its natural evolution will be to a social democratic party. But they need grass-roots organization, because they have lost touch with the people."
One reformist candidate, former parliament speaker Mehdi Karrubi, nearly made it past Mr. Ahmadinejad into the second-round runoff, largely on a pledge to hand out $60 per person per month.
But that was the only reformist nod to economic malaise. The campaigns of candidates across the spectrum - except for that of Ahmadinejad - sought to out-reform each other. That political reading could not have been more wrong.
"This election brought an unprecedented broadening of political dialogue; a lot of red lines were crossed," says Karim Sadjadpour, of the Brussels-based International Crisis Group. "But that doesn't mean [reform] will cease to be an elite movement. So how do you fill that gap between reform and the people, and transfer this into a popular movement?"
"Now you have tens of millions of Iranians who share the ideals of reform, but feel they have no political representation," says Mr. Sadjadpour. "The Iranian street is like a sleeping elephant: this enormous reservoir of energy and will for political, cultural, and social reform that is not being tapped into right now."
Hoping to reassure reform-leaning voters, Ahmadinejad has begun to temper a radical outlook. As Tehran mayor, he converted cultural centers into mosques. But his culture adviser, Mehdi Kalhor, this week went further than even reformists dared.
When asked about rumors of installing curtains on sidewalks to separate men from women, Mr. Kalhor scoffed, saying that Ahmadinejad "wants everyone to be joyful," and that his efforts aim to "prevent the government from interfering in private lives."
Press clampdowns were over, Kalhor promised. He endorsed freedom of live music - which has been tightly controlled - and the return to Iran of singers and actors who play now-illegal music from exile. Satellite dishes - also illegal - are "inseparable from people's lives," he said, and women are "free to choose their dress."
But Kalhor retreated later, saying, "these are not the words of the president," even as a hard-line parliamentarian called for a "cultural revolution" to counter greater openness, and said the president should crack down on "badly veiled" women wearing "unIslamic and immoral cloth."
Ebadi is in a good position to test any change, if it comes. Her image and voice have been banned from TV for two decades. When she won the Nobel Prize, state-run TV ignored it until mounting complaints led to a brief mention 24 hours later, in an 11 p.m. broadcast. Hard-liners criticized her for shaking the hand of the man who gave her the Nobel prize.
People may need bread before freedom, Ebadi says, but one can help gain the other. "The reformists did not forget [the economy], but they had no power," she adds, adjusting her multicolored head scarf. "They cared about freedom of speech very much, and if there is enough of it, you can reveal the economic problems and corruption - so the bread will come."
By Scott Peterson. Reproduced with permission from the July 1, 2005 issue of The Christian Science Monitor (www.csmonitor.com). (c) 2005 The Christian Science Monitor. All rights reserved.
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Inside This Episode
 Explore Iran's Persian legacy in the Photo Essay.
Learn about the world of Shia and Sunni Islam with the Interactive Map.
Read about the press and politics in a changing Iran in the Handbook.
Go behind the scenes with director Taghi Amirani.
Read an additional briefing article, Handle With Care, by noted journalist Stephen Kinzer.
A Shargh editor at work, censoring an article before it goes to press
Photo: Taghi Amirani
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Throughout Iran's history, the relationship between the state and the press has been antagonistic. Why is freedom of the press so important? Discuss the issue!
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