Gauge

All a gauge does is scratch a line parallel to an edge, but by doing so on two pieces to be joined, it assures that joints in the two pieces will precisely match. By holding the fence of the gauge against the face (exposed) sides of each piece, the face sides will be kept in the same plane.

Gouge

Any chisel with a curved cutting edge is a gouge, and this defines a huge range of variants. The bevel of the cutting edge may be situated on the inside of the curve (in-cannel) or the outside (out-cannel), and you need both. For example, in working with moldings, you may want to rough in the hollows with an out-cannel gouge before shaping them with a plane, and then use an in-cannel gouge to trim the curved ends to fit together at an inside corner.

Lathe, spring-pole

A reciprocating lathe that uses a springy pole to return the treadle and drive cord to the start position for the power stroke. Usually, the lathe consists of a track or "bed" that carries two movable "puppets" that support conical centers that poke into the ends of the turning wood and define the axis of rotation. The drive cord attaches to the free end of the spring pole, wraps around the work and then down to the foot treadle. The turner cuts the spinning wood on the downstroke of the treadle and then allows the spring pole to lift it back up.

Lathe, treadle

Leonardo da Vinci’s sketchbook shows one of the earliest drawings of a continuous action treadle lathe. The essential element of the treadle lathe is the crank mechanism that converts the reciprocating action of the foot treadle into the rotary motion of the fly wheel, which in turn drives the work. Treadle lathes, unlike spring-pole lathes, move at a higher speed and allow for continuous cutting.

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