The widespread opportunistic use by employers of CHINESE LABORERS in various sites of LABOR CONFLICT is typical and repeated in the struggles of worker vs. owner; labor vs. capital. Chinese workers are recruited from California, China and even Cuba for use as labor competition.

In 1875, Chinese are sent into the Union Pacific-owned coal mines of ROCK SPRINGS, WYOMING to quell miners' discontent over work conditions; into the Calvin Sampson Shoe Factory in NORTH ADAMS, MA to counter nascent trade unionism; into BELLEVILLE, NEW JERSEY to compete with Irish women laundry workers; into the AMERICAN SOUTH to "discipline uppity" freed blacks in the sugar and cotton fields of LOUISIANA, MISSISSIPPI and ARKANSAS, etc.

In 1870, Chinese railroad workers brought into TEXAS sue the company for failure to pay them wages, in violation of their contract. On their own, Chinese workers, like any other workers, are capable of generating appropriate labor protests.