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              Sometimes history serves as a magnifying mirror - making momentous 
              what actually was not. But Brown v. Board of Education of 
              Topeka, Kansas, is the real thing: a Supreme Court decision that 
              fundamentally and forever changed America. It jump-started the modern 
              civil-rights movement and excised a cancer eating a hole in the 
              heart of the Constitution. So why is the celebration of its 50th 
              anniversary so bittersweet? Why, as we raise our glasses, are there 
              tears in our eyes? The answer is simple: Brown, for all its glory, 
              is something of a bust. 
              
               To read more, download 
              the full Ellis Cose essay here (pdf).  
              
  
			   
              
              
               
              It is difficult for most people today to realize how brutal America 
              was to its Black citizens for throughout of our history. In the 
              South, lynching, intimidation, economic exploitation, social humiliation 
              and virtually complete segregation dominated the region; few Blacks 
              dared to vote. In the North, where Blacks could vote, discrimination 
              and segregation were also the norm.  
               To read more, download 
              the full Herman Schwartz essay here (pdf).  
              
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