Publisher- Charlotta Bass
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When The California Eagle shut down its presses in 1964, it was one of the
oldest black-owned and operated papers in the United States.
John James Neimore had established it in Los Angeles as The California Owl in 1879,
to ease black settlers' transition to the West. The paper provided them
with housing and job information, and other information essential to
surviving in a new environment.
The paper evolved into one of the leading papers of the day while under
the control of Charlotta A. Bass (nee Spears) and her husband, John Bass.
Charlotta Bass assumed control of The Owl following the death of Neimore
in 1912, and renamed it The California Eagle.
With the support of her
husband--a veteran journalist from Kansas, founder of The Topeka
Plaindealer, and newly appointed managing editor of The Eagle--Bass
launched a more militant campaign against discrimination and segregation.
The newspaper was directed towards political and social issues affecting
black people locally and nationally, and at every opportunity it
challenged America to uphold the inalienable rights espoused in the
Constitution.
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"The newspaper was directed towards political and social issues
affecting black people locally and nationally, and at every opportunity
it challenged America to uphold the inalienable rights espoused in the Constitution."
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Two of The Eagle's biggest (and earliest) crusades were against racism in
the motion picture industry and the War Department.
In 1914 articles and
editorials were published in opposition to the making of D. W. Griffith's
film "Birth of A Nation" with its derogatory portrayals of African
Americans and celebratory depiction of Klu Klux Klan violence.
This campaign was joined by other African American newspapers across the
nation, and led to the banning of "Birth of A Nation" in some communities.
The paper spoke out against injustice in the military during World War I,
and again in World War II.
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"Two of The Eagle's biggest (and earliest) crusades were against racism in
the motion picture industry and the War Department."
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After World War I, The California Eagle fought racial discrimination and
segregation in Los Angeles and the State of California such as
"restrictive covenant" practices. Restrictive covenants were policies or
legal guidelines usually embedded (and often hidden) in zoning and real
estate regulations which were used to keep new housing tracts and
developments racially segregated. The covenants designated restrictions
to the use of land or housing, and were used to keep African Americans and
other minorities from living or purchasing property in certain
neighborhoods.
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The Eagle also denounced police brutality, and waged
successful battles against discriminatory hiring practices at the Southern
Telephone Company, Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors, Boulder Dam
Company, the Los Angeles General Hospital, and the Los Angeles Rapid
Transit Company.
In the 1930's, The Eagle joined forces with such papers as The Chicago
Defender, The Pittsburgh Courier, The Afro-American, and The Norfolk
Journal and Guide, to support nine black teenagers from Scottsboro,
Alabama who were charged with raping two white women aboard a freight car.
The case became known as the Scottsboro Case. The Basses also
collaborated with Leon Washington of The Los Angeles Sentinel and
co-sponsored the "Don't Buy Where You Can't Work" campaign on the West
Coast, which dissuaded African Americans from patronizing businesses that
had discriminatory hiring practices. This campaign was championed by
black papers on the East Coast as well.
In 1951, Charlotta Bass sold the paper to Loren Miller, an attorney and
former Eagle reporter, and in an issue dated April 26, announced her
resignation in her personal column, "On The Sidewalk."
"After more than 40 years in which I have tried to serve my people and my
country, as a good neighbor, as an editor, and as a fighter for Negro
liberation, I feel that I must now take time to regain my health, to learn
more about what is happening in the world...and to decide how I can be
most useful in the years ahead."
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Bass devoted her remaining years to politics. In 1952 she became the
first black woman to run for national office as the Progressive Party's
Vice Presidential candidate.
In the ensuing years under Loren Miller's stewardship, The Eagle continued
to press for the complete integration of African Americans in every sector
of society, and to protest all forms of Jim Crow. Among Miller's primary
civil rights concerns were housing discrimination, police brutality, and
discriminatory hiring practices in the police and fire departments.
In 1964, Miller sold the paper to 14 local investors in order to accept a
judgeship, and under the new ownership the paper deteriorated rapidly.
The Eagle presses were forced to shut down on July 7, 1964.
Four years later on April 12, 1969, Charlotta Bass died of a cerebral
hemorrhage at the age of 95, but not before, as she remarked in her
biography Forty Years: Memoirs From the Pages of A Newspaper, "noting the
triumphant emergence of the Negro as a top contender for honors in all
fields."
Bass, Charlotta. Forty Years: Memoirs from the Pages of A Newspaper:
1960. (Self-published Manuscript Available at Southern California
Research Library and through interlibrary loan.)
Gill, Gerald R. "Win or Lose-We Win: "The 1952 Vice Presidential Campaign
of Charlotta A. Bass." in The Afro-American Woman: Struggles and Images.
Hartley, Sharon and Rosalyn Terborg-Penn, eds. Baltimore, MD: Black
Classic Press, 1997, 1978.
Hardy, Gayle J. American Women Civil Rights Activists: Biobibliographies
of 68 Leaders, 1825-1992. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1993.
Jeter, James Phillip, Ph.D. Rough Flying: The California Eagle -
(1879-1965) (AJHA Convention Paper)
Streitmatter, Rodger. Raising Her Voice: African American Women
Journalists Who Changed History. Kentucky: The University Press of
Kentucky, 1994.
Collections
Charlotta A. Bass Papers and Manuscript Collection located at Southern
California Library for Social Studies and Research, Los Angeles, CA.
Comprised of six boxes of Bass' personal correspondence, campaign
literature, book manuscript, and speeches.
40 newspaper and magazine articles located in "Charlotta Bass" clipping
file, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York. NY.
Seven articles in "Charlotta Bass" vertical file held at Moorland-Spingarn
Research Center, Howard University, Washington, DC.
Microfilm available at the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture,
New York Public Library.
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