{"id":19951,"date":"2020-02-20T13:39:14","date_gmt":"2020-02-20T21:39:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/independentlens\/?post_type=blog&#038;p=19951"},"modified":"2023-09-29T10:57:37","modified_gmt":"2023-09-29T17:57:37","slug":"as-american-as-the-blues-lynching-in-film-and-tv","status":"publish","type":"blog","link":"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/independentlens\/blog\/as-american-as-the-blues-lynching-in-film-and-tv\/","title":{"rendered":"As American as the Blues: Lynching in Film and TV"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>By Ade Adeniji<\/strong><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/independentlens\/documentaries\/always-in-season\/\"><strong><i>Always in Season<\/i><\/strong><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> explores the history of lynching through the mysterious 2014 death of Lennon Lacy while also looking at historical reenactments of lynching, prompting some to question the value of conjuring up the past. The specter of lynching, though, has been depicted in American popular culture for decades, including in film and television. And while one might be tempted to argue that these portrayals have evolved straightforwardly as black Americans attained more full-fledged citizenship, depictions of lynching have often been layered and complicated, even during less progressive eras.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><!--more--><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In D.W. Griffith\u2019s <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Birth of a Nation<\/strong> (1916), <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sexually rapacious black captain<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Gus (played by a white actor in blackface) is lynched by the Klan after trying to marry a white woman named Flora, who would rather plunge to her death than elope with him. Griffith casts the Klan as heroes and blacks, including black soldiers and statesmen during Reconstruction, as the villains. On the heels of the film, the KKK resurged and along with it, racial terror inflicted upon black Americans.\u00a0National membership in the Klan peaked at about 4.5 million a few years later. However, even back then, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/independentlens\/documentaries\/birth-of-a-movement\/\">there was pushback against the film<\/a>, with the NAACP attempting to ban it.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Birth of a Nation (1915), woman throws herself off cliff\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/UYCaob7MDA8?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 1920, pioneering black filmmaker Oscar Micheaux released his own silent film <\/span><strong><i>Within Our Gates<\/i><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lynching he stages<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> pushes back against the lie of the noble Klanner carrying out extrajudicial killings by showing an ordinary black family fighting for their lives. Micheaux makes it clear who\u2019s in the right and who\u2019s in the wrong during a time when activists like Ida B. Wells were also trying to expose and curb the entrenched practice. While a black mother and father are killed in this scene, their young son pulls off his noose, survives a gunshot, and escapes on horseback. This conclusion would be unheard of in Griffith\u2019s telling, whose audience would be deprived of their payoff of a dead black body. Instead, this young black boy gets to tell the story of the barbarism he survived, hopefully in a world that outlaws it.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"WITHIN OUR GATES (excerpt)\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/kD_FwBz3JY8?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Starring Tony Curtis and Sidney Poitier, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>The Defiant Ones<\/strong> (1958<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) deals with the unlikely interracial pairing of two escaped prisoners, John and Noah. At one point our <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">antiheroes are cornered<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, set to be lynched. There\u2019s humor in the moments leading up to the expected violence, with the women and children being told to leave because of a \u201cprayer meeting.\u201d And when things finally escalate, the white John cries out \u201cyou can\u2019t go lynching me, I\u2019m a white man!\u201d This feels surprising in that despite an obvious racial caste system in the Jim Crow South, the machinery behind it wasn\u2019t always laid bare like that. There were certainly many rules, but many of them were unspoken and packaged in etiquette and decorum. At that moment, sure, John is just trying to save his hide. But he\u2019s also admitting that his whiteness carries privilege \u2013 an advantage of which he is deeply aware.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"The Defiant Ones (1958) - You Can&#039;t Go Lynching Me, I&#039;m a White Man Scene (5\/9) | Movieclips\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/BN77UGYk5tg?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lynch mob scene<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>To Kill a Mockingbird<\/strong> (1962) <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">everyone\u2019s favorite movie lawyer Atticus Finch (Gregory Peck) stands sentry outside the jail protecting Tom Robinson, <\/span>a black man accused of raping a white girl. In contrast to Griffith\u2019s Flora, who \u201cnobly\u201d plunges to her death rather than succumb to miscegenation, Atticus, by defending Tom, breaks the social contract and thus deserves his same grisly fate. White womanhood is at the center of many lynching stories, and this also seems to hold true in depictions of lynching in media.<\/p>\n<p>However, <em>To Kill a Mockingbird<\/em> complicates matters by also having Scout arrive on the scene, likely unaware of the circumstances. The young white girl addresses Mr. Cunningham, whom she recognizes amidst the bloodthirsty crowd; Scout goes to school with Cunningham\u2019s son and her innocent appeal stops the mob in its tracks. One YouTube comment reads: \u201c[Scout] is the bravest girl I have seen in ages. [S]he saved her dad and brother and Tom Robinson from lynching and she didn&#8217;t need to get violent but she used words and affected clearly on the men.\u201d<\/p>\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Atticus Finch and the Lynch Mob\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/eiEzI6n_Zcs?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Though set in the antebellum, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Mandingo<\/strong>\u2019s (1975)<\/span><\/i> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lynching scene<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> feels very much out of its blaxploitation era. Slur du jour \u201cpeckerwood\u201d rolls off militant character Cicero\u2019s tongue as he\u2019s captured by white slavers. But rather than beg for his life, Cicero gives a fearless harangue of his white executioners, punctuating it with \u201cand after you hang me, kiss my ass!\u201d It\u2019s almost comically over the top, and on the nose. But it\u2019s also deeply satisfying, with anachronistic lingo hammering home a nascent black empowerment message. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Much like <strong><em>Roots<\/em><\/strong> (1977), <em>Mandingo<\/em> pushes back against years of media past and even present that propagate the myth of the happy slave. Micheaux\u2019s silent and respectable lynching victims are now unapologetically loud and righteous. The scene also calls for black unity and in what might be surprising to those ignorant of black militancy, is doubly hard on black folk who appear to uphold white supremacy; indeed, Cicero is only strung up on a tree after he\u2019s hunted down by the film\u2019s eponymous character, a fellow enslaved black man. \u201cYou see me hang, you\u2019re gon&#8217; know you killed a black brother!\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Powerful Scene from &quot;Mandingo&quot; - 1977 - Black on Black Crime\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/OHa7FtUiXyk?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The late John Singleton\u2019s <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Rosewood<\/strong> (1997), <\/span><\/i>based on the true story of an all-black community in Florida destroyed by a mob, also focuses on black heroism. Singleton introduces a fictional outsider Mann (Ving Rhames), a WWI veteran who advocates for self-defense. Mann is a good example of the New Negro, a Harlem Renaissance era black empowerment ethos. Strung up on a tree, Mann somehow survives being suspended in the air long enough for white infighting to happen. The Sheriff openly admits that Mann probably didn\u2019t attack a white woman named Fanny and even implies that she\u2019s promiscuous. Other white members of the mob laugh, prompting Fanny\u2019s husband James to fight the sheriff. And in the chaos, Mann escapes.<\/p>\n<p>Like <em>The Defiant Ones<\/em> some forty years prior, <em>Rosewood<\/em> depicts a white society that at times lifts the veil and reveals the hollow machinery underneath. If the Sheriff admits he was willing to lynch an innocent man, doesn\u2019t that undermine the sanctity of Jim Crow? What\u2019s more, in Mann, we\u2019re given a true hero to root for. Not only does Mann make an improbable escape, his neck holding up against the noose, but he saves his beloved horse to boot. All this in the state of Florida, which lynched more black people per capita than anywhere else in the country.<\/p>\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Rosewood Movie Clip  - Mr.  Man Hangs Tough\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/422YLtSKMwc?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In more recent times, lynching depictions have continued in movies like <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">12 Years a Slave<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the longest 2 minutes and 53 seconds you can imagine. Solomon Northup is kept in a state of near-strangulation all day. The camera doesn\u2019t flinch and it\u2019s shot in a single take. Daily life somehow continues on. Enslaved children play, birds chirp. Notably, there is no angry mob. Northup himself is seemingly alone, and yet we know that all the slaves on the plantation are watching him, afraid to act. While other scenes consider the mob, director Steve McQueen\u2019s scene speaks to the protracted nature of individual suffering during lynching, and the message that sends to everyone else who could be victim to it.<\/span><\/p>\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"12 Years a Slave -  tiptoeing with a rope on a neck\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/92AmGY8P2po?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And in HBO\u2019s superhero subversion sensation <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Watchmen<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span>Hooded Justice\u2019s origin story is rooted in a near lynching at the hands of the police. The series largely focuses on Tulsa, Oklahoma, beginning in its Greenwood District, a prosperous neighborhood dubbed Black Wall Street, which was destroyed by white terrorism in 1921. Later in the series, Hooded Justice dons a hood, a repurposed noose, and white face in order to fight crime. Quite a departure from D.W. Griffith\u2019s days. Then again, perhaps Micheaux\u2019s young boy who escaped Jim Crow\u2019s fate went on to become a hero, too.<\/p>\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Watchmen S1 Ep6 Will Reeves&#039;s Night Out\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/EhPhC7I1ecc?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><em><strong>Ade Adeniji<\/strong> is a Staff Writer for <\/em>Inside Philanthropy<em> and an approved Rotten Tomatoes critic. He\u2019s also written for outlets like Mic, and The Rumpus, and blogs about film, television, and the majestic NBA on his own website, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.adeadeniji.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=http:\/\/adeadeniji.com&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1582321802047000&amp;usg=AFQjCNFz_Q0QcPAjjKpuzHmFEi0TA5f2Eg\">adeadeniji.com<\/a>.\u00a0He holds degrees from Pomona College and American Film Institute Conservatory.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Ade Adeniji Always in Season explores the history of lynching through the mysterious 2014 death of Lennon Lacy while also looking at historical reenactments of lynching, prompting some to question the value of conjuring up the past. The specter of lynching, though, has been depicted in American popular culture for decades, including in film [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":19954,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1357,1338],"tags":[],"topic":[1216,1247,1260,1239,1264],"class_list":["post-19951","blog","type-blog","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-beyond-the-films","category-film-history","topic-arts-and-culture","topic-cinema","topic-civil-rights-2","topic-identity","topic-race-ethnicity"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>As American as the Blues: Lynching in Film and TV - Independent Lens<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"From Birth of a Nation Within Our Gates to Rosewood and Watchmen, see how the specter of lynching has been depicted in American popular culture.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/independentlens\/blog\/as-american-as-the-blues-lynching-in-film-and-tv\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"READ: As American as the Blues: Lynching in Film and TV\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"From Within Our Gates to Watchmen, see how the specter of lynching has been depicted in American popular culture.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/independentlens\/blog\/as-american-as-the-blues-lynching-in-film-and-tv\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Independent Lens\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-09-29T17:57:37+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/independentlens\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/within-our-gates-lynching.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1235\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"READ: As American as the Blues: Lynching in Film and TV\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"From Within Our Gates to Watchmen, see how the specter of lynching has been depicted in American popular culture.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/independentlens\/blog\/as-american-as-the-blues-lynching-in-film-and-tv\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/independentlens\/blog\/as-american-as-the-blues-lynching-in-film-and-tv\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Independent Lens\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/independentlens\/#\/schema\/person\/4cedb3eea460cdaac69638c5d476f7bf\"},\"headline\":\"As American as the Blues: Lynching in Film and TV\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-02-20T21:39:14+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-09-29T17:57:37+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/independentlens\/blog\/as-american-as-the-blues-lynching-in-film-and-tv\/\"},\"wordCount\":1462,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/independentlens\/blog\/as-american-as-the-blues-lynching-in-film-and-tv\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/independentlens\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/within-our-gates-lynching.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Beyond the Films\",\"Film History\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/independentlens\/blog\/as-american-as-the-blues-lynching-in-film-and-tv\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/independentlens\/blog\/as-american-as-the-blues-lynching-in-film-and-tv\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/independentlens\/blog\/as-american-as-the-blues-lynching-in-film-and-tv\/\",\"name\":\"As American as the Blues: Lynching in Film and TV - 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