{"id":26577,"date":"2023-05-15T20:49:23","date_gmt":"2023-05-15T20:49:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/independentlens\/?post_type=blog&#038;p=26577"},"modified":"2023-10-01T09:01:50","modified_gmt":"2023-10-01T16:01:50","slug":"from-mothers-pensions-to-welfare-queens-debunking-myths-about-welfare","status":"publish","type":"blog","link":"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/independentlens\/blog\/from-mothers-pensions-to-welfare-queens-debunking-myths-about-welfare\/","title":{"rendered":"From Mothers&#8217; Pensions to Welfare Queens, Debunking Myths about Welfare"},"content":{"rendered":"<h5><b>By Lennlee Keep<\/b><\/h5>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A common mindset through modern American history is that people living in poverty simply don&#8217;t want to work.\u00b9<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0For decades, politicians have used programs like food stamps, unemployment, social security, and Section 8 housing not as examples of a social good, but of lazy people wanting free money from harder-working taxpayers. Women who needed any of these social services were especially demonized, not only as lazy, but as sexually promiscuous, single mothers who would rather have more children than find work. And the term <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">welfare <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">has been racialized over the years, as well.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8220;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Despite the fact that white Americans benefit more from government assistance than people of color, means-tested aid is primarily associated with Black people and other people of color\u2014particularly when the term <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">welfare<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is used,&#8221; wrote political scientist Ashley Jardina for <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/talkpoverty.org\/2018\/01\/29\/people-love-assistance-poor-hate-welfare\/index.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">TalkPoverty<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. &#8220;For many Americans, the word welfare conjures up a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psychologicalscience.org\/news\/releases\/image-of-typical-welfare-recipient-linked-with-racial-stereotypes.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">host of disparaging stereotypes<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> so strongly linked to stigmatized beliefs about racial groups that\u2014along with crime\u2014it is arguably one of the most racialized terms in the country.&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The myth of the welfare mother was born from this prejudice, enabling decades of injustice that went largely unchallenged until the 1970s. The documentary <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/independentlens\/documentaries\/storming-caesars-palace\/\"><b><i>Storming Caesars Palace<\/i><\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> takes an in-depth look at the life of welfare reformer <\/span><b>Ruby Duncan<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and her fight to reform public assistance in America. But even before Duncan&#8217;s activism in Las Vegas during the late 1960s and early &#8217;70s, the initial seeds of the social support net were planted at a time when Americans were working harder than ever.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 {\n\t\t\t\tmargin: auto;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 .gallery-item {\n\t\t\t\tfloat: left;\n\t\t\t\tmargin-top: 10px;\n\t\t\t\ttext-align: center;\n\t\t\t\twidth: 33%;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 img {\n\t\t\t\tborder: 2px solid #cfcfcf;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 .gallery-caption {\n\t\t\t\tmargin-left: 0;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\/* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes\/media.php *\/\n\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t<div id='gallery-1' class='gallery galleryid-26577 gallery-columns-3 gallery-size-thumbnail'><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/independentlens\/blog\/from-mothers-pensions-to-welfare-queens-debunking-myths-about-welfare\/slide-1\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/independentlens\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Slide-1-300x300.png\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Welfare Myth vs Reality Infographic\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/independentlens\/blog\/from-mothers-pensions-to-welfare-queens-debunking-myths-about-welfare\/slide-2-2\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/independentlens\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Slide-2-1-300x300.png\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Myth: Women on welfare have more children to get more money.&quot;\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/independentlens\/blog\/from-mothers-pensions-to-welfare-queens-debunking-myths-about-welfare\/slide-3\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/independentlens\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Slide-3-300x300.png\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p><b>MYTH:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Women on welfare have more children to get more money.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>FACT: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The numbers on this bias simply don&#8217;t add up. The annual birthrate for every 1,000 women aged 18 to 44 on welfare was 45.8, compared with an overall national rate of 71.1.<sup>2<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Origins of the &#8220;Welfare Queen&#8221;<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 1900, millions of hard-working people lived a tenuous existence in poverty. Two-thirds of New York City\u2019s population\u20142.3 million people\u2014lived in tenement housing.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><sup>5<\/sup><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Tenements were cramped apartments, filthy and overrun with vermin and disease.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the early 1900s, men worked 12 hours a day, six days a week. Women worked seven days a week, around the clock. Because they needed to care for their own children, they couldn\u2019t work outside of the home, but they would make extra money by doing washing or sewing for others in addition to their daily household and family duties. While this didn&#8217;t provide a living wage, it was still work and it helped augment the family income.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Despite long hours and efforts, with the average pay at 20 cents per hour, a family could barely get by. If the man of the house died, it was a catastrophe for the remaining family. There were no food stamps, no widow&#8217;s benefits, and minimal options for women to earn income outside the home, which were still low-wage at best. In the wake of such a disaster, children were often given to orphanages or sent to live as servants in wealthy homes. If the breadwinner died, it didn\u2019t just fracture the family structure; in some cases, it could sever family ties entirely.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During this time, religious charities and philanthropists were the only sources of assistance or support for the impoverished. In the early 1900s, these charities found themselves overwhelmed by the population&#8217;s needs and pushed for the government to provide aid.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n\n\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">\n\t\t\t#gallery-2 {\n\t\t\t\tmargin: auto;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-2 .gallery-item {\n\t\t\t\tfloat: left;\n\t\t\t\tmargin-top: 10px;\n\t\t\t\ttext-align: center;\n\t\t\t\twidth: 50%;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-2 img {\n\t\t\t\tborder: 2px solid #cfcfcf;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-2 .gallery-caption {\n\t\t\t\tmargin-left: 0;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\/* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes\/media.php *\/\n\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t<div id='gallery-2' class='gallery galleryid-26577 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-thumbnail'><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/independentlens\/blog\/from-mothers-pensions-to-welfare-queens-debunking-myths-about-welfare\/slide-4-2\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/independentlens\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Slide-4-1-300x300.png\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Myth: Most Americans won&#039;t use the welfare system.\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/independentlens\/blog\/from-mothers-pensions-to-welfare-queens-debunking-myths-about-welfare\/slide-5\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/independentlens\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Slide-5-300x300.png\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p><b>MYTH:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Most Americans won&#8217;t use the welfare system.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>FACT<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: About two-thirds of all Americans will use welfare for at least six months, sometime between the ages of 20 to 65.<\/span><sup>4<\/sup><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> By the time they turn 18, over half the children in America will have used food stamps (or SNAP). Approximately 21% of all Americans are enrolled in a welfare program.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mothers\u2019 Pension<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There was little sympathy for the poor, especially immigrants. But mothers, particularly white, Christian mothers, were seen as &#8220;worthy&#8221; and deserving of compassion and support. It was from this that the <\/span><b>Mothers\u2019 pension<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was born.<sup>3<\/sup><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0This cash benefit helped single mothers keep the family together.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While the pension was better than nothing, the criteria to receive the benefit made it difficult, if not almost impossible. There were requirements about the length of residency in a state, which varied state to state. But there were also more subjective criteria. A mother must be deemed &#8220;of good character&#8221; and &#8220;fit to raise children.&#8221; This language was used to disqualify any women of color, any family of non-Christian faith, or women who didn&#8217;t speak English. It could also be used to disqualify anyone else the local authority determined as unfit to receive the money.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><div id=\"attachment_26709\" style=\"width: 1930px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-26709\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26709\" src=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/independentlens\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/1914_General_Federation_of_WomensClubs_DC_LC_cropped.jpg\" alt=\"The General Federation of Women's Clubs, which advocated for mothers' pensions, 1914.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2232\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/independentlens\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/1914_General_Federation_of_WomensClubs_DC_LC_cropped.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/independentlens\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/1914_General_Federation_of_WomensClubs_DC_LC_cropped-516x600.jpg 516w, https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/independentlens\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/1914_General_Federation_of_WomensClubs_DC_LC_cropped-1101x1280.jpg 1101w, https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/independentlens\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/1914_General_Federation_of_WomensClubs_DC_LC_cropped-768x893.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/independentlens\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/1914_General_Federation_of_WomensClubs_DC_LC_cropped-1321x1536.jpg 1321w, https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/independentlens\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/1914_General_Federation_of_WomensClubs_DC_LC_cropped-1762x2048.jpg 1762w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-26709\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The General Federation of Women&#8217;s Clubs, which advocated for mothers&#8217; pensions, 1914. [Library of Congress, public domain]<\/p><\/div><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This system underwent changes when it became<\/span><b> Aid to Dependent Children<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> as part of the Social Security Act in 1935. Still, it remained steeped in racist policies<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and gained a stigma that only increased over the decades, aided by politicians and policy. The program was succeeded by the less dependent-sounding &#8220;<\/span><b>Temporary Assistance for Needy Families<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8221; in 1997, which was reauthorized sporadically over the years since, depending on the power balance in Congress.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n\n\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">\n\t\t\t#gallery-3 {\n\t\t\t\tmargin: auto;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-3 .gallery-item {\n\t\t\t\tfloat: left;\n\t\t\t\tmargin-top: 10px;\n\t\t\t\ttext-align: center;\n\t\t\t\twidth: 50%;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-3 img {\n\t\t\t\tborder: 2px solid #cfcfcf;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-3 .gallery-caption {\n\t\t\t\tmargin-left: 0;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\/* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes\/media.php *\/\n\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t<div id='gallery-3' class='gallery galleryid-26577 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-thumbnail'><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/independentlens\/blog\/from-mothers-pensions-to-welfare-queens-debunking-myths-about-welfare\/slide-6-2\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/independentlens\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Slide-6-1-300x300.png\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Myth: Welfare fraud is rampant and costs taxpayers millions.\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/independentlens\/blog\/from-mothers-pensions-to-welfare-queens-debunking-myths-about-welfare\/slide-7\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/independentlens\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Slide-7-300x300.png\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"FACT: Fraud accounts for less than 2% of unemployment insurance payments (per The Atlantic.) For every 10,000 households participating in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), about 14 contained a recipient who was investigated and determined to have committed fraud (via a 2018 report by the Congressional Research Service). Within SNAP, for every $10,000 paid in benefits, about $11 is determined by state agencies to have been overpaid due to recipient fraud.\u00a0 To put this into perspective, the IRS estimates that for every $6 owed in federal taxes, $1 is not paid because of tax evasion or fraud.\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p><b>MYTH: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Welfare fraud is rampant and costs taxpayers millions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>FACT:\u00a0 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For every 10,000 households participating in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), about 14 contained a recipient who was investigated and determined to have committed fraud (via a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sgp.fas.org\/crs\/misc\/R45147.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2018 report <\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">by the Congressional Research Service). Within SNAP, for every $10,000 paid in benefits, about $11 is determined by state agencies to have been overpaid due to recipient fraud.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To put this into perspective, the IRS estimates that for every $6 owed in federal taxes, $1 is not paid because of tax evasion or fraud.<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reagan vs. the &#8220;Welfare Queen&#8221;<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 1976, <\/span><b>Ronald Reagan <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">was running for president. While on the campaign trail, the charismatic former actor, a consummate storyteller, kept audiences rapt with tales about people on welfare and their extravagant lifestyles. Less important to candidate Reagan was whether the stories were completely accurate. Crowds would boo along when he&#8217;d talk about families in inner cities, who lived in luxurious public housing apartments, with six bedrooms, 11-foot ceilings, a swimming pool, and a gym, all for a mere $113 per month in rent. He picked up on a story from the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chicago Tribune<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in 1974 about <\/span><b>Linda Taylor<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the so-called &#8220;Welfare Queen.&#8221;\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"pbs-viral-player-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; padding-top: calc(56.25% + 43px);\"><iframe style=\"position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; border: 0;\" src=\"https:\/\/player.pbs.org\/viralplayer\/3029571376\/\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8220;There&#8217;s a woman in Chicago who has 80 names, 30 addresses, 12 Social Security cards, and is collecting veterans&#8217; benefits on four nonexisting deceased husbands. She&#8217;s got Medicaid, getting food stamps, and she is collecting welfare under each of her names. Her tax\u2010free cash income alone is over $150,000.&#8221;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><sup>6<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Linda Taylor was a real person who did commit welfare fraud; that much Reagan got right. However, his numbers were misleading and only told part of the story. It&#8217;s estimated that Linda Taylor took about $40,000 from welfare over several years, not $150,000 in one year. And yes, she was convicted of welfare fraud, but only to the tune of $9,000. Reagan also omitted some of her more salacious and notorious crimes: kidnapping, burglary, and insurance fraud.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And if that weren&#8217;t enough, she may be behind one of Chicago&#8217;s most legendary unsolved murders. Linda Taylor (possibly not her real name) was a master criminal, but welfare fraud was the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">least <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of her crimes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But Reagan&#8217;s hyperbolic stumping was focused on welfare, and gave America a target and a reason to be unsympathetic to the poor and needy\u2014and it worked. A 1978 poll of Illinois voters found &#8220;that 84 percent ranked controlling welfare and Medicaid fraud and abuses their highest legislative priority.&#8221; Who wants to work hard every day, when someone who does nothing can wake up in a penthouse and get a six-figure, tax-free income?\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Taxpayers are loath to think that their hard-earned money is being wasted, or worse, stolen, but the fact is that welfare fraud is shockingly rare. A story in <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/politics\/archive\/2013\/08\/just-how-wrong-is-conventional-wisdom-about-government-fraud\/278690\/\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Atlantic<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> suggests that &#8220;fraud accounts for less than 2 percent of unemployment insurance payments.&#8221; A <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sgp.fas.org\/crs\/misc\/R45147.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2018 report <\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">by the Congressional Research Service found that for every 10,000 households participating in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), about 14 contained a recipient who was investigated and determined to have committed fraud.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"pbs-viral-player-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; padding-top: calc(56.25% + 43px);\"><iframe style=\"position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; border: 0;\" src=\"https:\/\/player.pbs.org\/viralplayer\/2365859594\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><span data-mce-type=\"bookmark\" style=\"display: inline-block; width: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 0;\" class=\"mce_SELRES_start\">\ufeff<\/span><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Additionally, they found that within SNAP, for every $10,000 paid in benefits, about $11 is determined by state agencies to have been overpaid due to recipient fraud. On the other hand, the IRS estimates that out of every $6 owed in federal taxes, about $1 is not paid because of tax evasion or fraud.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Politicians of all parties have many talking points around government financial support, which often begs the questions: &#8220;Who will <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">pay<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for it?&#8221; and &#8220;How do we keep people from becoming dependent on it?&#8221;\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But the real questions underneath it all\u2014\u201cWho deserves our support?\u201d and \u201cWho is \u2018worthy\u2019?\u201d\u2014are questions America has had a hard time answering. We like our legends and stories, even when the numbers don&#8217;t support our bias.<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong><b><i>Lennlee Keep\u00a0<\/i><\/b><\/strong><i>is a nonfiction writer, filmmaker, storyteller, and reticent D&amp;D player. Her writing has appeared in <\/i>The Rumpus, The Southeast Review<i>, and <\/i>ESME<i>. Her films have been shown on PBS, A&amp;E, and the BBC. The ex-wife of a dead guy, she talks about death more than most people are comfortable with. She is working on a memoir about addiction, grief and a literally broken heart. She lives in Austin, Texas with her son and their guinea pig, Chuck Norris.\u00a0<\/i><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><b>Sources and Further Reading<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><sup>1<\/sup> <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.prb.org\/resources\/american-attitudes-about-poverty-and-the-poor\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Population Reference Bureau: &#8220;American Attitudes About Poverty and the Poor&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup>2 <\/sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1989-05-31-mn-916-story.html\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Los Angeles Times<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (1989): &#8220;Study Finds Women on Welfare Have Fewer Children Than Others&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup>3 <\/sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.icphusa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/ICPH_UNCENSORED_3.3_Fall2012_HistoricalPerspective_MothersPensions.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8220;The Historical Perspective: Mothers&#8217; Pensions&#8221;<\/span><\/a> +<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1989-05-31-mn-916-story.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.slate.com\/articles\/news_and_politics\/history\/2013\/12\/linda_taylor_welfare_queen_ronald_reagan_made_her_a_notorious_american_villain.html\"><i>Slate<\/i>: &#8220;The Welfare Queen&#8221;<\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup>4<\/sup> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/outlook\/five-myths\/five-myths-about-the-safety-net\/2020\/04\/16\/dbbe0dec-7f37-11ea-9040-68981f488eed_story.html\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Washington Post:<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8220;5 Myths About the Safety Net&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup>5 <\/sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/immigration\/tenements\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">History.com: &#8220;Tenements&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><sup>6 <\/sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1976\/02\/15\/archives\/welfare-queen-becomes-issue-in-reagan-campaign-hitting-a-nerve-now.html\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">New York Times<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: &#8220;Welfare Queen Becomes an Issue in Reagan Campaign&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/how-racism-has-shaped-welfare-policy-in-america-since-1935-63574\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Conversation<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: &#8220;How racism has shaped welfare policy in America since 1935&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.census.gov\/library\/stories\/2022\/05\/who-is-receiving-social-safety-net-benefits.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">U.S. Census: &#8220;Who Is Receiving Social Safety Net Benefits&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/opub\/mlr\/2018\/article\/program-participation-and-spending-patterns-of-families-receiving-means-tested-assistance.htm\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">U.S. Bureau of Labor and Statistics: &#8220;Program participation and spending patterns of families receiving government means-tested assistance&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/newshour\/show\/the-true-story-behind-the-welfare-queen-stereotype\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PBS NewsHour: &#8220;The true story behind the \u2018welfare queen\u2019 stereotype&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/epod.cid.harvard.edu\/article\/dispelling-myth-welfare-dependency\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Harvard Kennedy School: &#8220;Dispelling the Myth of Welfare Dependency&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.usgovernmentspending.com\/welfare_spending_history\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">US Government Spending: &#8220;Welfare Spending History&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/usafacts.org\/state-of-the-union\/standard-living\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">USAFacts: &#8220;How is the American middle class doing? What support does the government provide people?&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.gitnux.com\/welfare-recipient-statistics\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">GitNux Blog &#8220;Welfare Recipient Statistics 2023: Insights and Trends&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Books:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Flat Broke with Children: Women in the Age of Welfare Reform<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by Sharon Hays<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Myth of the Welfare Queen<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by David Zucchino<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Queen: The Forgotten Life Behind an American Myth<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by Josh Levin<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Lennlee Keep A common mindset through modern American history is that people living in poverty simply don&#8217;t want to work.\u00b9\u00a0For decades, politicians have used programs like food stamps, unemployment, social security, and Section 8 housing not as examples of a social good, but of lazy people wanting free money from harder-working taxpayers. Women who [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":26720,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1357],"tags":[],"topic":[1261,1262,1225,1263,1227],"class_list":["post-26577","blog","type-blog","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-beyond-the-films","topic-human-rights","topic-labor","topic-politics-and-government","topic-poverty-2","topic-women-and-girls"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>From Mothers&#039; Pensions to Welfare Queens, Debunking Myths about Welfare - Independent Lens<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn more about the origins of and the mythology around the idea of the &quot;Welfare Queen,&quot; and watch Storming Caesars Palace on PBS.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/independentlens\/blog\/from-mothers-pensions-to-welfare-queens-debunking-myths-about-welfare\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"From Mothers&#039; 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