After emancipation, the slaves were free but had no legal status. The 13th & 14th Amendments granted full citizenship to black Americans and formally abolished slavery. Southern states were not allowed back in the Union until they ratified these amendments. In response, these states adopted so-called Black Codes, laws that restricted the rights of blacks in all areas of life, such as the right to vote, sit on juries or testify against whites, or carry arms in public. Vagrancy laws required blacks to prove they were employed - or risk arrest. Yearlong work contracts established indentured servitude anew. Some states, like Mississippi, required children to work off the "debts" of their parents. These laws remained in effect until the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s.