WRITTEN, PRODUCED & DIRECTED BY
Mike Shum
PRODUCED & REPORTED BY
Marcia Robiou
REPORTED BY
Jeff Hargarten
Libor Jany
Andy Mannix
Paula Moura
Liz Navratil
Liz Sawyer
Chao Xiong
SENIOR PRODUCERS
Frank Koughan
Callie T. Wiser
SENIOR EDITOR
Sarah Childress
EDITED BY
Brian Truglio
Robert Kirwan
Chad Ervin
CINEMATOGRAPHY
Mike Shum
Mark Vancleave, Star Tribune
AERIAL CINEMATOGRAPHY
Aaron Lavinsky, Star Tribune
Mark Vancleave, Star Tribune
ADDITIONAL REPORTING, STAR TRIBUNE
Patrick Condon
Susan Du
Ryan Faircloth
Reid Forgrave
Randy Furst
Faiza Mahamud
Nicole Norfleet
Rochelle Olson
Maya Rao
ADDITIONAL PRODUCING & REPORTING
Georgia Fort
Matt Shelley-Reade
Mai Yer Vang
NARRATED BY
Libor Jany
ASSISTANT EDITORS
Matt Shelley-Reade
Alex LaGore
Tim Meagher
SOUND
Hyun Lee
Ian Wellman
Johnny Hagen
Katiene Norton
ADDITIONAL CAMERA
Arthur Nazaryan
Renée Jones Schneider, Star Tribune
Xialou Wang
Karim Hajj
Serena Hodges
Matt Gillmer, Star Tribune
ASSISTANT CAMERA
Sebastian Alfonzo
John Mbanda
ARCHIVE PRODUCER
Kevina Tidwell
ORIGINAL MUSIC
Jonny Pilcher
PRODUCTION ASSISTANT
Sebastian Alfonzo
ONLINE EDITOR/COLORIST
Jim Ferguson
SOUND MIX
Jim Sullivan
GRAPHICS
Manuel Lindinger
Andreas Holzinger
ARCHIVAL MATERIALS
AFPTV via Getty Images
CNN
Angela Harrelson
KSMcKeever via Pond5
The New York Times
Unicorn Riot
ADDITIONAL MATERIALS
Atlantic Records
Black News Channel
Black Visions Collective
CBS News
CCX Media
Centro De Trabajadores Unidos En La Lucha
devinphoto
FOX 9
Darnella Frazier
Xena Goldman, Greta McLain, and Cadex Herrera
KARE 11
KEYC-TV
KRON-TV
KSTP-TV
Locke Family
Minneapolis Police Department
Minnesota Public Radio
MSNBC
Sophia Narwitz
National Public Radio
NBC News
The New York Times
PBS NewsHour
Racial Reckoning: The Arc of Justice
Peyton Scott Russell
Sana Saaed
David Schuman
Ty Walls
WABC-TV
WCCO
Eamon Whalen
Kay G. Wilson
Wright Family/Ben Crump Law
FOR THE CENTER FOR ASIAN AMERICAN MEDIA
EXECUTIVE PRODUCER
Stephen Gong
DIRECTOR OF PROGRAMS
Donald Young
FOR THE STAR TRIBUNE
PUBLIC SAFETY TEAM LEADER
Abby Simons
DIRECTOR OF VIDEO
Jenni Pinkley
DEPUTY MANAGING EDITOR/ENTERPRISE AND INVESTIGATIONS
Eric Wieffering
EDITOR AND SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT
Suki Dardarian
Original funding for this program was provided by public television stations, Corporation for Public Broadcasting, Abrams Foundation, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Park Foundation, Heising-Simons Foundation, FRONTLINE Journalism Fund with major support from Jon and Jo Ann Hagler, additional support from Laura DeBonis. Additional support for FRONTLINE is from The Hollyhock Foundation, the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation, the WNET Group’s Exploring Hate initiative, with principal support by The Sylvia A. and Simon B. Poyta Programming Endowment to Fight Antisemitism and additional major funding from Sue and Edgar Wachenheim III, Charlotte and David Ackert, The Peter G. Peterson and Joan Ganz Cooney Fund and Patti Askwith Kenner.
FOR FRONTLINE
DIRECTOR OF POST PRODUCTION
Megan McGough Christian
SENIOR EDITOR
Barry Clegg
EDITOR
Brenna Verre
EDITOR
Joey Mullin
ASSISTANT EDITORS
Alex LaGore
Tim Meagher
Christine Giordano
PRODUCTION ASSISTANT
Stevie Jones
FOR GBH OUTPOST
EDITOR
Deb Holland
SENIOR DIRECTOR OF PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Tim Mangini
SERIES MUSIC
Mason Daring
Martin Brody
EXECUTIVE ASSISTANT
Will Farrell
IMPACT PRODUCER
Erika Howard
DIGITAL WRITER & AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIST
Patrice Taddonio
AUDIENCE ENGAGEMENT EDITOR
Ambika Kandasamy
ASSISTANT EDITOR, DIGITAL
Tessa Maguire
MANAGER, PUBLIC RELATIONS AND COMMUNICATIONS
Anne Husted
PODCAST PRODUCER
Emily Pisacreta
ARCHIVES & RIGHTS MANAGER
John Campopiano
FOR GBH LEGAL
Eric Brass
Suzy Carrington
Jay Fialkov
SENIOR CONTRACTS MANAGER
Gianna DeGiulio
BUSINESS MANAGER
Sue Tufts
BUSINESS DIRECTOR
Mary Sullivan
SENIOR DEVELOPER
Anthony DeLorenzo
LEAD DESIGNER FOR DIGITAL
Dan Nolan
FRONTLINE/COLUMBIA JOURNALISM SCHOOL FELLOWSHIPS
TOW JOURNALISM FELLOW
Taylor Eldridge
ABRAMS JOURNALISM FELLOW
Aasma Mojiz
FRONTLINE/NEWMARK JOURNALISM SCHOOL AT CUNY FELLOWSHIP
TOW JOURNALISM FELLOW
Bruce Gil
FRONTLINE/FIRELIGHT INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALISM FELLOWS
Cristina Ibarra
Ursula Liang
DIGITAL REPORTER
Paula Moura
EDITORIAL CONSULTANTS
Lauren Prestileo
Callie T. Wiser
DIGITAL PRODUCER / EDITOR
Miles Alvord
HOLLYHOCK FILMMAKER IN RESIDENCE
Marcia Robiou
SERIES PRODUCER AND EDITOR
Michelle Mizner
INVESTIGATIVE PRODUCER
Daffodil J. Altan
DEPUTY DIGITAL EDITOR
Priyanka Boghani
DIGITAL EDITOR
Jennifer Wehunt
EDITORIAL COORDINATING PRODUCER
Katherine Griwert
POST COORDINATING PRODUCER
Robin Parmelee
SENIOR EDITOR AT LARGE
Louis Wiley Jr.
FOUNDER
David Fanning
SPECIAL COUNSEL
Dale Cohen
DIRECTOR OF AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT
Maria Diokno
SENIOR PRODUCERS
Dan Edge
Frank Koughan
SENIOR PRODUCER,
SPECIAL PROJECTS & INNOVATION
Carla Borrás
SENIOR EDITOR & DIRECTOR,
LOCAL JOURNALISM
Erin Texeira
SENIOR SERIES PRODUCER
Nina Chaudry
SENIOR EDITOR
INVESTIGATIONS
Lauren Ezell Kinlaw
MANAGING DIRECTOR
Janice Hui
MANAGING EDITOR
Andrew Metz
EXECUTIVE PRODUCER
Raney Aronson-Rath
A FRONTLINE Production with Five O’Clock Films in association with the Center for Asian American Media, Mike Shum Productions and the Star Tribune
©2022
WGBH Educational Foundation
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FRONTLINE is a production of GBH which is solely responsible for its content.