Name: Brushes with Death
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NOVA

Dorothy Roseman describes her close encounters with vaccine-preventable diseases.

Brushes with Death

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 Tiny Tattoo Vaccines
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 Posted: September 5, 2014


 What about protecting ourselves from the fires that flare up in our bodies? I'm talking about infectious diseases.


 Vaccines are one of our greatest weapons against these deadly enemies. They've saved millions from polio, smallpox, measles, whooping cough and dozens of other illnesses. But delivering vaccines can be a challenge. Many need to be kept cold, and sometimes that's nearly impossible. And most require an injection. Where medical supplies are lacking, needles are sometimes re-used, which can spread disease. Bottom line: millions of people are not getting the vaccinations they need.


 But I hear there's a team at M.I.T. working to overcome these obstacles. Scientist Pete DeMuth is developing a vaccine patch smaller than a dime.


 So, what does this patch look like? It exists?



 PETER DEMUTH (Massachusetts Institute of Technology):
 
 Yeah, it exists. You can take a look at a couple right here. And these needles are actually on the order of half a millimeter or less in length.



 DAVID POGUE:
 
 So that'd be like this?



 PETE DEMUTH:
 
 Exactly.



 DAVID POGUE:
 
 And how many are there?



 PETE DEMUTH:
 
 So, this patch actually has about 100 needles, but patches are made where there can be, even, thousands of needles.



 DAVID POGUE:
 
 Looks harmless until you see it under the microscope.



 PETE DEMUTH:
 
 All right, and then we'll bring this into focus.



 DAVID POGUE:
 
 Whoa! Evil! Looks like a medieval torture device!


 The next step is to coat these needles with fine layers, or films, that contain the vaccine. But how do you layer anything on something this small? You've got to know how to work at the nano-scale, down at the molecular level, like Professor Paula Hammond.



 PAULA HAMMOND:
 
 Well, this is actually where we build the films that contain the vaccine.



 DAVID POGUE:
 
 Hi, how are you doing?



 PAULA HAMMOND:
 
 Yes, yes, we love our friend here.



 DAVID POGUE:
 
 This is it, huh?



 PAULA HAMMOND:
 
 This is it.



 DAVID POGUE:
 
 A robotic arm dips the microneedle patch into trays containing the vaccine's components.


 You, sort of, co-opted the ancient principle of chocolate fondue.



 PAULA HAMMOND:
 
 The way that we make the coating, is that we take the components that make up our vaccine; one of the components is negatively charged, and the other component is positively charged.



 DAVID POGUE:
 
 The microneedle patch is negatively charged. First, it's dipped in a positively-charged component and a microscopic layer forms. Then, it's dipped in a negatively-charged component, and a new layer forms. In this way, dozens of layers can be built up on the microneedles and then embedded in the skin, like a tattoo. Over days or weeks, they dissolve and release the vaccine.
 
 But what are these components?
 


 PAULA HAMMOND:
 
 The positively-charged ones are biodegradable polymers, in this case, plastics. And the negatively-charged ones are D.N.A.
 


 DAVID POGUE:
 
 Wait, so, there's a polymer, and there's D.N.A., which is genetic material. I thought you said it's a vaccine.
 


 PAULA HAMMOND:
 
 Actually, D.N.A., in our case, is the vaccine, which is very unique but also very powerful.
 


 DAVID POGUE:
 
 Most vaccines are created from weakened or killed microbes, or from parts of microbes. The immune system mounts an attack, even though there's no real threat. Some immune cells remember the episode. Should they ever encounter the actual microbe, they'll spring into action and destroy the invader.
 

 A D.N.A. vaccine doesn't deliver any bits of microbe. It delivers a stretch of D.N.A. that contains a gene for a bit of microbe, a protein. This gene inserts itself into our D.N.A. Now, our own cells produce proteins that trigger an immune response.
 

 And the D.N.A. requires no refrigeration.
 


 PETE DEMUTH:
 
 Okay, David, are you ready?
 


 DAVID POGUE:
 
 Dude! In what universe is that a microneedle?
 


 PAULA HAMMOND:
 
 We don't have to deal with this old technology anymore.
 


 DAVID POGUE:
 
 Oh, that's the before, and this is the after.
 


 PAULA HAMMOND:
 
 That was before, yeah.
 


 DAVID POGUE:
 
 You guys are just a laugh riot.
 


 PAULA HAMMOND:
 
 And I'm just going to apply this to your wrist.
 


 DAVID POGUE:
 
 So, this is human trials, starting right now?
 


 PAULA HAMMOND:
 
 Well, let's see how it goes.
 

 All right. And we're going to place this right here.
 


 DAVID POGUE:
 
 Ow!
 

 It doesn't hurt at all.
 


 PAULA HAMMOND:
 
 Just a little pressure.
 


 DAVID POGUE:
 
 Like you're holding up a plastic game piece to my skin.
 


 PAULA HAMMOND:
 
 It's really nice, because these microneedles are too short to reach the nerve endings in your skin.
 


 DAVID POGUE:
 
 And, this particular one, what nasty D.N.A. is it injecting into my body?
 


 PAULA HAMMOND:
 
 We didn't put anything on yours. This is just a blank to give you an idea of what the experience will be like.
 


 DAVID POGUE:
 
 Wow. I don't see blood; I don't see shredded flesh, just that little ring.
 


 PAULA HAMMOND:
 
 That's right, exactly.
 


 DAVID POGUE:
 
 So, not only does this eliminate the problem with keeping the vaccine cold all the way from the manufacturer, not only does it solve the problem of needles being reused or misused, but it also doesn't hurt. Which you could argue, is an advantage over huge nasty pieces of metal.
 


 PAULA HAMMOND:
 
 It's a huge advantage: no more crying children. You have happy parents, as well.
 


 DAVID POGUE:
 
 Although, the one downside, I'd have to say, is that you don't get the little lollipop at the end for your suffering.
 


 PAULA HAMMOND:
 
 We would like to give you a little lollipopâ¦
 


 DAVID POGUE:
 
 Aren't you sweet?
 


 PAULA HAMMOND:
 
 â¦for being such a great sport.
 


 DAVID POGUE:
 
 It's a polymer!
 

 This radical new vaccine system is still in the testing phase. If it lives up to its promise, it could eventually save millions of lives around the world.
 
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