{"id":2986,"date":"2020-01-23T12:54:36","date_gmt":"2020-01-23T17:54:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wnet\/peril-and-promise\/?p=2986"},"modified":"2020-01-23T14:57:37","modified_gmt":"2020-01-23T19:57:37","slug":"redlined-neighborhoods","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wnet\/peril-and-promise\/2020\/01\/redlined-neighborhoods\/","title":{"rendered":"How redlining makes communities of color more at risk of deadly heatwaves"},"content":{"rendered":"
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A Home Owners\u2019 Loan Corporation map of Richmond, Virginia, guided lenders as to where and where not to invest. Black neighborhoods were often denoted \u201cHazardous\u201d and marked in red, giving rise to the term \u201credlining.\u201d | Source: Mapping Inequality<\/p><\/div>\n

By Marlene Cimons<\/em><\/p>\n

E<\/span>xtreme heat often\u00a0kills more people<\/a>\u00a0in this country than hurricanes, floods, lightning and tornadoes. But heat is not an equal opportunity killer.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s very selective in the way it kills people,\u201d said Vivek Shandas, professor of urban studies and planning at Portland State University in Oregon, whose\u00a0new study<\/a>, published in the journal\u00a0Climate<\/em>, evaluated summer temperatures in 108 U.S. cities. \u201cAn extreme heat wave goes across a whole city. But some neighborhoods are actually much hotter than others.\u201d<\/p>\n

He and his colleague, Jeremy Hoffman, chief scientist at the Science Museum of Virginia, found that redlined neighborhoods were hotter than other neighborhoods. The term \u201credlining<\/a>\u201d refers to the New Deal practice of drawing red lines around black neighborhoods on residential maps to discourage lenders from issuing mortgages in those areas, thereby depriving those communities of needed investment. This practice was banned in 1968 by the\u00a0Fair Housing Act<\/a>, but its legacy lingers today.<\/p>\n

\u201cThese neighborhoods tend to have people who live in housing without air conditioning and who don\u2019t have access to cooling centers or bus service,\u201d Shandas said. He added that it isn\u2019t simply a matter of these neighborhoods not having access to cooling. \u201cThey are actually hotter in temperature than other communities,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n

With fewer shade-providing trees, parks and other green spaces, and a high density of heat-trapping concrete buildings and asphalt roads, these neighborhoods tend to retain more heat. The study found that redlined neighborhoods were 5 degrees F hotter on average than other neighborhoods in the same city. In Portland, Oregon and Denver, Colorado, the disparity was even more striking, a difference of upwards of 12 degrees F.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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The Home Owners\u2019 Loan Corporation (HOLC), created as part of the New Deal, produced colored-coded maps to show lenders where to invest. Black neighborhoods were often marked in red, meaning they were not fit for investment. The map of Richmond, Virginia on the upper-left shows how differed areas were rated by the HOLC, from \u201cBest\u201d in green to \u201cStill Desirable\u201d in blue to \u201cDefinitely Declining\u201d in yellow to \u201cHazardous\u201d in red. The map on the upper-right shows temperatures across Richmond on July 2, 2016. As shown, areas that had been labeled \u201cHazardous\u201d by the HOLC tend to be warmer than other areas. This is because they have less tree cover, as shown in the map on the lower-left, and more paved areas, as shown in the map on the lower-right. | Source:\u00a0Climate<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\u201cThe real shocker is that decisions made almost 100 years ago are playing out today as a significant climate inequity,\u201d Hoffman said. \u201cWe have been long aware that climate change disproportionately impacts already vulnerable communities, but we\u2019ve never really asked, \u2018How did we get here?\u2019 This study shows that these neighborhoods are not only suffering from lack of wealth, but they also are suffering from the effects of climate more acutely than the rest of their city.\u201d<\/p>\n

The study authors used historical maps to identify redlined areas. They then examined temperature data, gleaned from satellite imaging, on selected sunny days between 2014 and 2017, comparing redlined neighborhoods to other neighborhoods.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe have to be honest and recognize that there is this true, real, systematic difference between what wealthy, white communities experience related to climate change, and what limited resource communities of color experience related to climate change,\u201d Hoffman said.<\/p>\n

Extreme heat is compounding other environmental risks in these communities, which face higher levels of\u00a0air and water pollution<\/a>, and limited access to\u00a0fresh, nutritious foods<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0health care<\/a>. As a result, they also experience higher levels of\u00a0asthma<\/a>, especially in children,\u00a0obesity, diabetes<\/a>\u00a0and other health issues.\u00a0<\/strong>And climate change is only making heat waves more\u00a0frequent and intense<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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Most Americans are seeing an uptick in the number of days over 90 degrees F. | Source:\u00a0Climate Central<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n

\u201cThis is an environmental justice issue having to do with the historical structure of our cities, how we formed our cities and how people were relegated,\u201d said Bruce Mitchell, a senior research analyst with the\u00a0National Community Reinvestment Coalition<\/a>\u00a0(NCRC), who was not involved in this study, but co-authored a 2018\u00a0report<\/a>\u00a0on the legacy of redlining.<\/p>\n

Mitchell, who also has conducted\u00a0other<\/a>\u00a0research<\/a>\u00a0into how hot weather has a bigger impact on communities of color, added, \u201cThis study illustrates one example of that structure, where you find people particularly vulnerable to environmental exposures, like excessive heat.\u201d<\/p>\n

Tracy McCracken, who directs the fair housing program at NCRC, who also was not involved in the study, agreed.<\/p>\n

\u201cThis study validates the fact that the insidious effects of redlining remain today, despite a ban that occurred over 50 years ago, and the extreme heat resulting from climate change is making things worse for people who live in these neighborhoods,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n

Shandas who has\u00a0studied<\/a>\u00a0how heat varies across cities for more than a decade, said the work was, in part, an effort to make climate change feel relevant to people, regardless of where they live.<\/p>\n

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This infrared image of a driveway shows how paved areas tend to be warmer, and are thus colored orange, while grassy areas tend to be cooler, and are thus colored purple. | Source: Vivek Shandas<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n

\u201cOne of the biggest challenges of climate change is taking this concept from a global level to our everyday lives,\u201d he said. \u201cWe need to recognize how climate change affects our commute, our access to fresh food, and our ability to get through the day without disruption. What we were trying to do with this work was identify things at the local level that matter.\u201d<\/p>\n

Moreover, he said, people need to care more about their cities as a whole, rather than focus solely on their own neighborhoods.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe have to decide whether we really care about our neighbors \u2014 the people we are sharing roads and sidewalks and schools with,\u201d he said. \u201cDo we really want to create healthy, vibrant cities and neighborhoods? Do we want to do things for our neighbors that will help our cities? We are a society imploding if we are looking out only for ourselves and fail to take care of our brothers and sisters.\u201d<\/p>\n

Hoffman hopes the study can help cities prepare for rising temperatures. He said there are a lot of things they can do, such as plant trees, build parks, and\u00a0upgrade roads<\/a>\u00a0so they don\u2019t retain as much heat. He added that communities need to be involved in planning for climate change, pointing to a greening initiative on Chicago\u2019s west side.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe people wanted to help decide what some of the designs would look like, and where the trees and flowers would go,\u201d Hoffman said. \u201cWe have the science behind how to fix it, but need to acknowledge that these neighborhoods have been left out of the conversation \u2014 and let them in.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n

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Marlene Cimons writes for<\/em>\u00a0Nexus Media<\/em><\/a>, a nonprofit climate change news service.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

By Marlene Cimons Extreme heat often\u00a0kills more people\u00a0in this country than hurricanes, floods, lightning and tornadoes. But heat is not an equal opportunity killer. \u201cIt\u2019s very selective in the way it kills people,\u201d said Vivek Shandas, professor of urban studies and planning at Portland State University in Oregon, whose\u00a0new study, published in the journal\u00a0Climate, evaluated […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":182,"featured_media":2988,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[485,214076,214078,214079,214077],"topic":[],"mpi_content":[],"source":[279],"coauthors":[],"class_list":["post-2986","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","tag-environmental-justice","tag-extreme-heat","tag-fair-housing-act","tag-heat-islands","tag-redlining","source-original-feature"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nHow redlining makes communities of color more at risk of deadly heatwaves<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"By Marlene Cimons Extreme heat often\u00a0kills more people\u00a0in this country than hurricanes, floods, lightning and tornadoes. 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