- I think the first thing is to recognize

that democracy has been fragile for a long, long time.

I mean, you can go back in our history and remember that,

you know, the word democracy is not in the Constitution.

It's not in the Declaration of Independence.

The founders created a system

which had many undemocratic features,

whether it's the Electoral College, the indirect way

of electing the president, or a Supreme Court

that serves for life or at that time the Senate,

elected by the state legislatures.

Many groups had to fight for a long, long time

to gain participation in democracy.

Women, of course, could not vote

until the early 20th century.

African Americans could vote in Reconstruction

for a short period and then that was, you know,

their participation in democracy was taken away

for another century almost.

In other words, what we need to do is to somehow

recommit ourselves to the idea that we are all Americans,

that we all are entitled to an equal say

in the political system that governs us,

and that, you know, difference is something

to be embraced, not to be afraid of.

- It's definitely a long and winding road to democracy.

If you just look at the United States,

we like to say, "Well, we've been a democracy since 1776."

But from the point of view of Black Americans,

we've maybe been a democracy since the 1960s

when they finally had the right to participate

fully in political life.

And of course, we had the Civil War.

We had a lot of hiccups along the road to our own democracy.

And most countries had an even more

tortuous path to democracy.

I mean, France had the Third Republic starting in 1870

but we're now on the Fifth Republic,

which suggests of course that they've had a few more hiccups

along the road such as the Vichy regime,

such as the Fourth Republic,

such as Charles de Gaulle's basically coup in 1958.

And so yes and very few countries have had stable

democratic rule for a very long period of time.

Democracy can be very, very fragile.

- Democracy is an experiment and a messy one.

Each generation has to engage with essential questions,

existential questions really, about what does it mean

to be fair, to treat people fairly?

What does it mean to grant people access?

What does it mean to protect human rights?

What does it mean to question privilege

such that the equitable society that we seek to create

has a possibility to actually come into existence?

And at every stage, those who seek to protect

the status quo, those who seek to protect privilege,

those who seek to exclude others from privilege,

from access, push back.

There is always a pushback. There is always a resistance.

There is always an effort to preserve,

and I'm choosing that word carefully, the status quo.

I don't think we'll ever reach a utopian vision

of democracy where there aren't these tensions, right?

But I am hopeful that we will one day

live in a democracy where common humanity

is a grounding consensus principle

for the widest populations possible.

- We're actually one of the younger modern democracies.

That means there's a lot of fragility to this democracy.

It also means that there's a lot of possibility.

If we could have that incredible

breakthrough enfranchisement that happened

in the 1960s, we can do it again.

We can radically broaden the political community.

We can radically rethink what it means

to have a government of the governed.

But it has to be intentional. It has to feel urgent.

And it has to involve every single person.

- Unfortunately, democracy is fragile in several senses.

First of all, we have to rely on the honesty, transparency,

and just functioning of our democratic institutions,

like the voting process.

If we start fooling with the voting process,

if we make it more difficult for people to vote,

if we throw obstacles in their way,

then we're fooling with the psyche of the nation,

its trust in its institutions, its willingness to rely

on the functioning of our democratic institutions.

That is a very, very dangerous thing.

So it's fragile in that way.

It's also fragile in that it relies

on some measures of decency and truth.

So we start fooling with the truth

and claiming that elections are fraudulent

and that the system is rigged.

It goes right to the heart and the underpinning

and pulls the rug under the institutions

that we need to keep the country going forward.

- I think that for our country to become

a more perfect union and to rise above the strife

and divisions of the past and of today

will require some inspired political leadership

of a kind that we haven't seen in a while

but sometimes blesses us as Americans.

But it also asks something of us as citizens.

And one of the things that it asks of us as citizens

is a certain largeness of mind,

a willingness, no matter how strong our own

political beliefs are, and mine are quite strong,

to stop, put ourselves in other people's shoes,

and imagine how other people who are as well-meaning

as we are, who are as intelligent as we are,

can end up on the other side of these intents

and passionate debates, and thus have some respect

for one another, even if we continue

to have strong disagreements.

- We don't want just the veneer of a democracy.

We want an actual, high-functioning democracy,

not a democracy where outcomes are predetermined

by politicians, by redistricting, by the influx of money

into the political process.

Democracy must be powered by the people.

That is what a democracy is.

When people determine who represents them,

when people determine the laws that will govern their lives,

when people are making the decisions,

that is what a democracy is.

That is the demos.

That is what is the ideal for self-determination

of any country or any group of people.

And when we undermine that by limiting the right to vote,

by manipulating political processes,

by eliminating competition, we can call ourselves

a democracy but we really aren't one.

And the measure of a democracy is how many people

we include in it and how much voice

they have in actively determining outcomes.

- How will we reach a more perfect union?

Part of the answer to that question, believe it or not,

has to do with something that I think

the founding generation assumed.

They assumed from the very beginning that the government

that was going into play, this democratic republic,

was going to require mass public participation.

And oddly enough, despite all of the crises

we're going through right now, we have seen

really popular participation, public engagement

with politics, really pick up.

So strange as it is to say, there's something encouraging

about what's going on.

And that would help us get to a more perfect union.