Cortés could now write his third letter to the King of Spain in the full assurance of victory. The gambler had won. Fame and fortune, estates, treasures, and the title of viceroy followed. He was now "Marquis of the Valley."

A flood of Spaniards followed Cortés into Mexico - settlers, profiteers, administrators and, of course, representatives of the main orders of the Catholic church, who were anxious to begin the task of converting the peoples to Christianity. Many of the Aztec aristocracy were allowed to convert and keep their estates and status. Many intermarried with the newcomers that a mixed (mestizo) society very rapidly developed, particularly in Mexico City itself. In this mingling lay the beginnings of modern Mexico.

After being feted in Spain, Cortés returned to live in Mexico. Later he would lead great expeditions to the Pacific, at first still hoping to find the legendary strait that led from the Atlantic to the Pacific, a short-cut to the Moluccas, Spice Islands and Cathay. Instead, he discovered - and named - California, but only after great privations, and the loss of half his men. He retired to live in Seville, where he recounted his adventures to the local nobility and was received at court from time to time. Cortés died in Spain at Castilleja de la Cuesta, near Seville (the house is still there), in December 1547, at the age of 62. He left behind a vast estate, colossal wealth, many children and a considerable legacy across the Atlantic.