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The art of building
was popular in virtually all times and places in the Islamic lands, providing
places of communal worship, social service, and stately residence. The
most important type of religious building was the congregational mosque,
which had to provide sufficient space for the Muslim community to gather
for weekly worship on Friday at noon. Famous examples include, the Great
Mosque in Damascus, the Mosque of Ibn Tulun in Cairo, and the Great Mosque
(now the Cathedral) of Cordoba. Muslims also commissioned many other building
types, ranging from small mosques to use for daily worship, such as the
Mosque of Shaykh Lutfallah in Isfahan, to madrasas, or religious
schools, and commemorative structures, such as the Dome of the Rock in
Jerusalem and the Taj Mahal in Agra.
Like rulers everywhere,
Muslims also commissioned great palaces, such as the Alhambra in Granada
or the Topkapi Palace in Istanbul. These universal types of buildings
were erected using local materials and forms that suited the climate and
geography. For example, builders in the Mediterranean region initially
favored post-and-beam structures built of stone and decorated with mosaic,
whereas builders in Iran and the eastern lands built arched and vaulted
structures of brick decorated with plaster. Over time, Islamic civilization
brought about the easy movement of artisans and led to the interchange
of artistic ideas and techniques. Muslim patrons everywhere appreciated
exuberant and colorful decoration. The extravagant use of color, particularly
tiles, is one of the hallmarks of Islamic architecture.
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