Reichstag members applaud Hitler following his annexation
of Austria, March 13, 1938.
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March 13
"Annexation" (Anschluss) of Austria and start of persecution of Austrian Jews.
March 28
Law pertaining to the legal rights of Jewish cultural (ethnic) organizations passed. Jewish communities are no longer legal entities enjoying civil rights; instead, they can only be legally created associations.
April 22
Decree issued against the "camouflage of Jewish industrial enterprises." Decree announced requiring the declaration of all Jewish property greater than 5,000 Reichsmarks (approx. $1,190).
June 9
Destruction of the Munich Synagogue.
June 14
Decree issued requiring the registration and identification of Jewish industrial enterprises. Creation of lists of wealthy Jews at treasury offices and police districts.
June 15
"Asocial-Action": Arrest of all "previously convicted" Jews, including those prosecuted for traffic violations, and commitment to concentration camps (approx. 1,500 persons).
July 15
International conference held in Evian, France, and attended by delegates from 32 countries, including the United States, Great Britain, and France, to discuss the problem of Jewish refugees from Germany. Results in no effective help for Jewish refugees.
More than a million children died in the Holocaust,
including three of the Margules family children shown here,
whom the Nazis deported from Paris and killed in 1942. Only
the girl in the lower right survived the war.
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Introduction of identity cards for Jews, to become effective January 1, 1939.
July 28
Decree announced for the cancellation of the medical certification of all Jewish physicians, effective September 30. Thereafter, Jewish physicians only allowed to function as nurses for Jewish patients.
August 10
Destruction of the synagogue in Nuremberg, south-central Germany.
August 17
Decree issued to carry out the law pertaining to the change of first and last names. Effective January 1, 1939, all Jews must add to their name either "Israel" or "Sara."
September 12
Jews forbidden to attend public cultural events.
September 27
Decree issued for the cancellation of licenses to practice for all Jewish lawyers, effective November 30. Thereafter, Jewish lawyers can only practice in special instances as "Jewish Consultants for Jews."
September 29
Munich Agreement: Britain and France accept German annexation of Sudetenland, a part of Czechoslovakia.
October 5
Passport decree issued, resulting in the confiscation of passports held by Jews. Procedure for reissuance of passports made more complicated. Newly issued passports stamped "J," designating Jewish ownership.
October 15
German troops occupy the Sudetenland.
October 28
Expulsion from Germany of 15,000 to 17,000 Jews of Polish origin to Zbaszyn on Polish border.
November 7
Hershel Grynszpan, whose parents suffered in the aforementioned expulsion, assassinates German consular aide Ernst Vom Rath in Paris.
The burned-out synagogue of Aachen, Germany, one of nearly
200 synagogues destroyed during Kristallnacht.
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Kristallnacht ("Night of Broken Glass"): Government-organized pogrom against Jews in Germany. Destruction of synagogues, businesses, and homes. More than 26,000 Jewish men arrested and committed to Dachau, Buchenwald, and Sachsenhausen concentration camps. At least 91 Jews killed, 191 synagogues destroyed, and 7,500 shops looted.
November 12
Decrees issued for the "atonement payments" by German Jews in the amount of one billion marks; the elimination of German Jews from involvement in the economy; and the reconstruction of the facades of all Jewish shops. Jews have to pay for all damage caused during Kristallnacht. Jews prohibited from attending movies, concerts, and other cultural performances.
November 15
Jewish children expelled from German schools.
November 28
Police decree pertaining to the appearance of Jews in public issued: Restrictions in the freedom of movement and travel, etc.
December 3
Confiscation of Jews' drivers licenses. Creation of a "Ban Against Jews" in Berlin. Decree announced pertaining to the forced disposal (Aryanization) of Jewish industrial enterprises and businesses.
December 14
Göring takes charge of resolving the "Jewish question."
Continue: 1939
Photos: Courtesy of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Archives.
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