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Lumbee History
An historical timeline
Lumbee Dialect
An unique variety that bears the imprint of British English, Highland Scots, and Scots-Irish

Lumbee English
Samples of this unique American voice

Additional Resources
American Varieties Index

American Varieties

Lumbee Publications

Sociolinguistic Publications on Lumbee English

• Towards a Socionarratology: New Ways of Analyzing Natural-language Narratives, Narratologies: New Perspectives on Narrative Analysis. Ed. David Herman. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1999.218-46.
• Spatial Reference in Narrative Domains. _TEXT_ 21.4 (2001): 515-541.
• Pragmatic Constraints on Narrative Processing: Actants and Anaphora Resolution in a Corpus of North Carolina Ghost Stories. Journal of Pragmatics_ 32.6 (2000): 959-1001.
• Dannenberg, Clare. 1999. Null copula and ethnic distinctions: Grammatical and phonological distribution in a tri-ethnic county. Journal of English Linguistics 27:356-370.
• Dannenberg, Clare, and Walt Wolfram. 1998. Ethnic identity and grammatical restructuring: Be(s) in Lumbee English. American Speech 73:139-159.
• Dannenberg, Clare, and Walt Wolfram. 1999. The Roots of Lumbee English. Raleigh: North Carolina Language and Life Project.
• Locklear, Hayes Alan, Walt Wolfram, Natalie Schilling-Estes, and Clare Dannenberg. 1999. A Dialect Dictionary of Lumbee English. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina Language and Life Project
• Schilling-Estes, Natalie. submitted. Intra-Ethnic differentiation and cross-ethnic accommodation: /ay/ in Lumbee Native American English.
• Schilling-Estes, Natalie. submitted. Situated ethnicities: Constructing and reconstructing identity in the sociolinguistic interview.
• Wolfram, Walt. 1996. Delineation and description in dialectology: The case of perfective I'm in Lumbee English.American Speech 70:5-26.
• Wolfram, Walt, and Jason Sellers. 1999. Ethnolinguistic marking of past be in Lumbee Vernacular English.Journal of English Linguistics 27:94-114.
<>Wolfram, Walt, and Clare Dannenberg. 1999. Dialect identity in a tri-ethnic context: The case of Lumbee American Indian English.English World-Wide 20:179-216.
Source: North Carolina State University

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