The issues of wind loading were enormous because, it being an entirely new kind of building with just a structure and not all that masonry, we had to rethink the entire process. How much can a building move in the wind? Well, when it moves downwind (leans with the wind, if you will), the way older buildings did (and still do), not so important. I mean, you have to design for that motion, but that's just something to do. But how much would they oscillate? No one had ever found out. No one had ever tried to find out, even, or even thought there was an issue to find out about. Not only how much does it move; how much can it move? And so we did something that was, I'd say, incredibly brilliant. We brought into the firm a young man, Alan Davenport, who was at the University of Western Ontario in Canada, came from South Africa through the U.K. And he was the rising star in wind engineering. We were able to convince him to leave the university and come with us. And I'd say, between us, he and me, we redirected the whole thinking process about tall buildings. We organized and had built an experiment that was produced to move people, and find out how much they could accept in terms of building motion.

Before that, I went to all of the places that have motion simulators -- the automobile industry, the ship industry, aircraft industry, space industry -- and rode in their simulators and tried them out and I learned right away that the advice that I had gotten, which was that people would accommodate to building motion, was not good advice. That was not good advice. That people would not accommodate to the motion. Accept it, yes. Accommodate, no. They would find another job as fast as possible and get out of the blooming building.

And so trying to find out how much the buildings moved, how much people would accept, and then develop techniques for reducing the building motion down to the acceptance limits, was a task that was unique in the engineering world. We developed, eventually, a damping system, sort of like the closer on a screen door in, if you have a house and one of those old screen door closers. Shhh. Closes the door softly. That kind of a device -- but of course very much stronger, each one capable of carrying two and half tons, and -- and using material that had been developed by 3M Company. We were able to get quite reasonable devices, and increase (we call it) the damping, the ability of the building to dissipate the energy of oscillation -- the wind putting energy in to the building, making it wanting to oscillate, and the damper taking energy out, decreasing that oscillation or holding it to a given limit. You know, that's -- things like that had never been done before.