Evolution: Change: Deep Time

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	Deep Time Source Credits GEOLOGIC PERIOD OVERVIEWS Hadean Era Overview - Inside the Solar Nebula Painting © William K. Hartmann, Planetary Science Institute (http://www.psi.edu) Archaean Era Overview - Stromatolites Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution Proterozoic Era Overview - Titan Geyser © 2000 Don Dixon / Cosmographica.com Proterozoic Era Map Chris Scotese, The Paleomap Project (http://www.scotese.com) Cambrian Period Overview - Shelly Fauna Illustrations © 1996 by Swanston Publishing Limited. Used by arrangement with Henry Holt and Company, LLC Cambrian Period Map Chris Scotese, The Paleomap Project (http://www.scotese.com) Ordovician Period Overview - Shelly Faunas © 1996 Henry Holt and Company Ordovician Period Map Chris Scotese, The Paleomap Project (http://www.scotese.com) Silurian Period Overview - The Virtual Silurian Reef Milwaukee Public Museum Silurian Period Map Chris Scotese, The Paleomap Project (http://www.scotese.com) Devonian Period Overview - Landscape, 360 Million Years Ago American Museum of Natural History Devonian Period Map Chris Scotese, The Paleomap Project (http://www.scotese.com) Carboniferous Period Overview - Coal Forest © 1996 by Swanston Publishing Limited. Used by arrangement with Henry Holt and Company, LLC Carboniferous Period Map Chris Scotese, The Paleomap Project (http://www.scotese.com) *Permian Period Overview - Orthacanthus, attacking the tetrapod Eryops, in a small ox-bow lake* American Museum of Natural History Library Permian Period Map Chris Scotese, The Paleomap Project (http://www.scotese.com) Triassic Period Overview - Triassic Landscape, originally commissioned by The Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History © 2000 by Karen Carr (http://www.karencarr.com) Triassic Period Map Chris Scotese, The Paleomap Project (http://www.scotese.com) Jurassic Period Overview - Jurassic Landscape, originally commissioned by The Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History © 2000 by Karen Carr (http://www.karencarr.com) Jurassic Period Map Chris Scotese, The Paleomap Project (http://www.scotese.com) Cretaceous Period Overview - Cretaceous Coastal Environment, originally commissioned by The Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History © 2000 by Karen Carr (http://www.karencarr.com) Cretaceous Period Map Chris Scotese, The Paleomap Project (http://www.scotese.com) Paleocene Epoch Overview - Glossotherium Courtesy Ely Kish Studio Eocene Epoch Overview - Landscape, 50 Million Years Ago American Museum of Natural History Library Eocene Epoch Map Chris Scotese, The Paleomap Project (http://www.scotese.com) Oligocene Epoch Overview - Landscape, 32 Million Years Ago American Museum of Natural History Library Miocene Epoch Overview - Landscape, 10 Million Years Ago American Museum of Natural History Library Miocene Epoch Map Chris Scotese, The Paleomap Project (http://www.scotese.com) Pliocene Epoch Overview - Cladosictis Courtesy Ely Kish Studio Pleistocene Epoch Overview - Woolly mammals, originally commissioned by The Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History © 2000 by Karen Carr http://www.karencarr.com Pleistocene Epoch Map Chris Scotese, The Paleomap Project (http://www.scotese.com) Holocene Epoch Overview - Oregon Rainforest © 2000 http://www.arttoday.com Holocene Epoch Map Chris Scotese, The Paleomap Project (http://www.scotese.com) GEOLOGY Birth of the Solar System - Super Nova © 2000 Don Dixon/Cosmographica.com Prelude to Life - Meteoric Rain © 2000 Don Dixon/Cosmographica.com Escaping Gases Build Early Atmosphere - Fire Fountains © 2000 Don Dixon/Cosmographica.com Meteorite Bombardment - Space Radar of Image Aorounga Impact Crater, Chad NASA Earth's Core Forms - Cutaway image Courtesy, Chris Pelkie Great Oceans Form - Heavy Rain Don Farrall, Photodisc Oldest Known Rocks - Sample from the Acasta River, Northwest Territories © Dee Breger, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Small Continents Form - Venus Surface © 2000 Don Dixon/Cosmographica.com Changing Face of the Planet - Volcanic Activity Painting © William K. Hartmann Planetary Science Institute (http://www.psi.edu) Continents Begin Shifting - Titanian Lake © 2000 Don Dixon/Cosmographica.com Banded Iron Formations - Sedimentary rock with rust-gray bands Paul Genke, Pan Terra, Inc. Air Apparent: The Oxygen Revolution - First Seas © 2000 Don Dixon/Cosmographica.com Oxidation Produces Red beds - Caprock Canyon State Park Red Beds Photo: Vince Matthews, Colorado Geological Survey Oxygen Levels Reach 3% - Mountains and Sky Alex L. Fradkin, Photodisc Rodinia Supercontinent Forms - Model of Earth, Rodinia Map Chris Scotese, The Paleomap Project (http://www.scotese.com) Major Glaciation Period Begins - Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica NASA Breakup of Rodinia Supercontinent - Model of Earth, Rodinia Map Chris Scotese, The Paleomap Project (http://www.scotese.com) Protective Ozone Layer in Place - The Earth's limb at sunset NASA Gondwana Forms - Model of Earth, Rodinia Map Chris Scotese, The Paleomap Project (http://www.scotese.com) Great Mountain Ranges Form - MISR Views: Delaware Bay, Chesapeake Bay, and the Appalachian Mountains NASA Oxygen Nears Present Day Level - Clouds Robert Glusic, Photodisc Carbon Sinks Form in Coal Forests - Coal forest © 2001 St. Louis Science Center, All Rights Reserved Drying Trend Begins - Uyuni Salt Flats, Bolivia © 2000 http://www.arttoday.com Pangaea Starts to Break Apart - Map of Pangaea Separating USGS Tropical Climate Extends to Polar Regions - Model of Earth The Museum of Science (www.mos.org) Continents Near Present Day Position - Model of Earth The Museum of Science (www.mos.org) Drying and Cooling Trend Begins - Model of Earth The Museum of Science (www.mos.org) Short Term Warming and Drying - Sabal Palmetto Hammock D. M. Jarzen, Florida Museum of Natural History Great Mountain Building - Andes Peaks - Ampato Volcano, Peru October 1988 NASA Inland Seas Dry Out - Alaskan Landscape © 1997 Pieter van der Meulen Crossing Over - Kobuk River Valley Bob Barbee, National Park Service Global Ice Age Begins - Woolly Mammoths © 2000 http://www.arttoday.com TRANSFORMATIONS Evidence of Life - Rock at Akilia Island, Greenland Photo from Allen Nutman, Australian National University Evidence of Life - Undisturbed Volcanic Rock - Mineral S. Mojzsis, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Sponsored by NASA's Exobiology Program Life's Origins - Nucleic Acids Inside a Cell's Nucleus Chad Baker, Photodisc Bacteria Diversify - Illustration of Single-Celled Organisms Harnett/Hanzon, Photodisc Photosynthesizing Bacteria - Cyanobacteria Rolf Schauder (University of Frankfurt), Mark Schneegurt (Wichita State University), and Cyanosite (www-cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu) Oldest Fossils - Stromatolites © Paddy Ryan First Eukaryote Traces - Microfossils from the Bitter Springs Formation, Australia University Of California Museum of Paleontology Bacteria on Land - Microbial Mat American Museum of Natural History Library Oldest Eukaryote Fossils - Acritarchs from the Ordovician Period Helen Tappan Loeblich, UCLA Astrobiology Department True Algae - Red Algae Close-Up Morgan L. Vis, Ohio State University Soft-Bodied Animals - Worm burrows in Chorhat Sandstone, Central India Courtesy of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University http://www.yale.edu/ypmip/ *The Riddle of Ediacara - Dickinsonia* fossil University Of California Museum of Paleontology Hard Shelled Animals - Mineralized Ammonite fossil** Andrew Ward/Life File, Photodisc Oldest Arthropod Fossils - Cambrian Trilobite fossil, Moducia typicalis © James L. Amos/CORBIS The Burgess Shale Site 505 Million Years Ago Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution Chordates - Amphioxus (or Branchiostoma) Lisa Pike, Francis Marion University Marine Reefs - Devonian Reef Royal Tyrrell Museum/Alberta Community Development Land Plants - Green algae, Oogonia antheridia University of Wisconsin, Madison's Botanical Image Collection From Water to Land: The Green Invasion - Green Algae, Thomas Bay,Alaska © 2000 http://www.arttoday.com *Fishes - Dunkleosteus* illustration Royal Tyrrell Museum/Alberta Community Development Sharks - Stethacanthus illustration ©1996 Ivy Rutzky Vascular land plants - Cooksonia pertoni from the Upper Silurian Period, Shrewsbury, England Courtesy Hans Steur Arthropods on Land - Giant Sonoran Centipede © 2000 http://www.arttoday.com Land Vertebrates - Eryops illustration Merle H. Graffam Water to Land: Fish Out of Water - Skeletal Comparison of an amphibian and a lobe-finned lungfish Richard Cowan Ph.D. Seed Plants - Leaf fossil Albert J. Copley, Photodisc Reptiles - Clark's Spiny Lizard © 2000 http://www.arttoday.com Water to Land: Counting their Eggs - Amniote egg diagram** University of California Museum of Paleontology Conifers - American Larch, Larix laricina © 2000 http://www.arttoday.com Cycads - Australian Cycad Fronds © 2000 http://www.arttoday.com Mammal-like Reptiles - Lystrosaurus © John Sibbick Dinosaurs - Dilophosaurus Hemera Technologies, Inc. Crocodiles - Caiman Crocodile Digital Vision *Mammals - Reconstruction of Jeholodens jenkinsi, a triconodont mammal* Reconstruction Art: Mark A. Klingler / Carnegie Museum of Natural History Divide and Conquer - Eocene Landscape American Museum of Natural History Library Flying Reptiles - Quetzalcoatlus Courtesy Ely Kish Studio *Birds - Archaeopteryx* fossil © Ecoscene/CORBIS Exaptation - Drawing of a feathered Dromaeosaur from Liaoning Province, China Mick Ellison, American Museum of Natural History Flowering Plants - Colorful Flower with Swallowtail Butterfly © 2000 http://www.arttoday.com Primates - Lemur © 2000 http://www.arttoday.com Rodents - Marmot, showing front teeth © W. Perry Conway/CORBIS Bats - Bat, with outstretched wings** © 2000 http://www.arttoday.com Whales - Early Whale, Ambulocetidae Courtesy of Carl Buell Return to the Sea - Mesonychian Skeleton J. G. M. "Hans" Thewissen, Ph.D., (http://www.neoucom.edu/Depts/ANAT/Thewissen.html) *Return to the Sea - Ambulocetus natans* skeleton J. G. M. "Hans" Thewissen, Ph.D., (http://www.neoucom.edu/Depts/ANAT/Thewissen.html) Return to the Sea - Zygorhiza kochii skeleton J. G. M. "Hans" Thewissen, Ph.D., (http://www.neoucom.edu/Depts/ANAT/Thewissen.html) Grasses - Savanna of Amboseli National Park, Kenya © 2000 http://www.arttoday.com Ape/Human Line Evolves - Skeletal Comparison of a human and a gorilla J-M Labat/Auscape Kelp Forests - California Kelp Forest © Corbis Grazing Horses - Neohipparion skeleton Florida Museum of Natural History Orangutan Line Separates from African Ape/Hominid Line - The Descent of Man** Drawing by Waterhouse Hawkins, from specimens in the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons Chimpanzee and Hominid Lines Separate - Skulls: Chimp, Australopithecus afarensis, and Homo sapiens © Institute of Human Origins Hominds - Laetoli footprint, Laetoli, Tanzania © John Reader/Photo Researchers, Inc. Early Humans - Homo Heidelbergensis c. 500 - 200 Thousand Years Ago Phillip L. Walker and Edward H. Hagen. Copyright © 2000 Regents of the University of California. Adapted by permission of W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. www.wwnorton.com *Modern Humans - Homo sapiens* skull © Corbis EXTINCTIONS Springing Forward, Falling Back - Biodiversity Through Time Sepkoski JJ. 1993, Paleobiology 19:43-51 Selective Effect - Marine Rugose Corals Milwaukee Public Museum The Mother of All Extinctions - Volcano Erupting into the Sea StockTrek, Photodisc The Mother of all Extinctions - Asteroid NASA The Mother of all Extinctions - View of El'gygytgyn Lake** Julie Brigham-Grette, University of Massachusettes Geology Dept. Opportunity Knocks - Shrews, Neosorex palustris © 2000 http://www.arttoday.com A Smoking Gun? - Lion Hunt, B.C. 4000-1500, Tassili N'Ajjer, Algeria © Pierre Colombel/CORBIS



	Origins of Humankind See the humanlike species that came before us.

	A Modern Mass Extinction? Are we in the midst of one? And if so, did we trigger it?

	Life's Grand Design Are nature's complex forms evidence of "intelligent design?"



	Deep Time/History of Life

	Evolution of Diversity

	Evidence for Evolution

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