Part One
A film by
Anne Poiret & Arthur Bouvart
DIRECTED BY
Anne Poiret
PRODUCED FOR FORBIDDEN FILMS BY
Laurent Richard & Sandrine Rigaud
FILMED BY
Arthur Bouvart
Thibault Delavigne
EDITED BY
Mathieu Goasguen
SENIOR PRODUCERS
Eamonn Matthews
Dan Edge
EDITORIAL CONSULTANTS
Dana Priest
Phillip Bennet
ADDITIONAL REPORTING, FORBIDDEN STORIES
Paloma Dupont de Dinechin
Cécile Schilis-Gallego
Phineas Rueckert
Audrey Travère
Clément Lemerlus
Itzel Marie Diaz
ORIGINAL MUSIC
Olivier Adelen
HEAD OF PRODUCTION
Thierry Mangeard
ADDITIONAL EDITING
Philippe Couton
Bruno Joucla
Mark Summers
ADDITIONAL CAMERA
Christophe Astruc
Edward Bally
Pedro Brito Da Fonseca
Mathias Denizo
Thomas Lafarge
Léo Monnet
Raoul Seigneur
ONLINE EDITOR/COLORIST
David Bigelow
SOUND MIX
Christopher D. Anderson, C.A.S.
FIXERS
Shakked Auerbach
Shani Bar-David
Samuel López Amézquita
GRAPHIC DESIGNER
Élise Desmars
ARCHIVE PRODUCER
Héloïse Beauchêne
WRITING COORDINATOR
Fadila Belkacem
VOICE-OVER
Antonio Oliart
TRANSCRIPTION & TRANSLATION
Stéphanie Amar
Juliana Castano-Gonzalez
Jose Pablo Castro Salazar
Rony Efrat
Margaux Gac
Sasha Jurdant
Hicham Mansouri
Naciye Otar
Azilis Pierrel
Libertad Sobrado
Iris Tréhin
ARCHIVAL MATERIALS
Al Jazeera Media Network
AP Archive
ARD-Aktuell distributed by Studio Hamburg Enterprises GMBH
BBC Motion Gallery
Biosmotion
Veritone – 60 Minutes
Courtesy CNN
Democracy Now
Courtesy of Democracy Now Productions, Inc.
Detained International
France 24
Getty Images
The Guardian
Hanan Elatr
Human Rights Watch
i24NEWS
National Audiovisual Institute
Metafora Production
Milenio
NBC News Archives
Reuters Pictures
Screenocean
Shutterstock
WION
ADDITIONAL MATERIAL
Baku Media Center
China Media Group
Presidencia Enrique Pena Nieto
RT en Espagnol
TRT World
WITH THE SUPPORT FROM
Centre national du cinéma
et de l’image animée
FOR FORBIDDEN FILMS
PRODUCTION ASSISTANT
Louis Goncalves
PRODUCTION ACCOUNTANT
Basma Guessous
POST PRODUCTION ASSISTANT
Thierry Thion
EXECUTIVE PRODUCER
Sandrine Rigaud
EXECUTIVE PRODUCER
Laurent Richard
FOR ARTE FRANCE
Fabrice Puchault
Anne Grolleron
Alexandre Marionneau
Marie-Lise Lafon
Quentin François
Rachel Anquetil
FOR BBC STORYVILLE
Philippa Kowarsky
Emma Hindley
WITH THE SUPPORT FROM
RTS Radio Télévision Suisse
DOCUMENTARY UNIT
Steven Artels & Bettina Hofmann
WITH THE SUPPORT FROM
RTBF - Documentary Unit
IN ASSOCIATION WITH
Channel HOT8
IN ASSOCIATION WITH
SVT
SPECIAL THANKS
Red en Defensa de los Derechos Digitales
Tina Jauhiainen
Saskia Brimont
Lise Schwimmer
Benoît Bringer
Christophe Barreyre
Craig Timberg
Donncha Ó Cearbhaill
Danna Ingleton
Agnès Callamard
Likhita Banerji
Raed Labassi
Tom Mackey
Bill Marczak
John Scott Railton
Ron Deibert
Aristegui Noticias
The Guardian
Le Monde
The Washington Post
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Die Zeit
Radio France
Proceso
OCCRP
Knack
Le Soir
Haaretz
TheMarker
The Wire
Daraj
Direkt36
ORIGINAL PRODUCTION FUNDING PROVIDED BY
Corporation for Public Broadcasting, Abrams Foundation, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Park Foundation, Heising-Simons Foundation, FRONTLINE Journalism Fund with major support from Jon and Jo Ann Hagler through the Jon L. Hagler Foundation.
FOR FRONTLINE
DIRECTOR OF POST PRODUCTION
Megan McGough Christian
SENIOR EDITOR
Barry Clegg
EDITOR
Brenna Verre
EDITOR
Joey Mullin
ASSISTANT EDITORS
Christine Giordano
Alex LaGore
Tim Meagher
Peter Norton
PRODUCTION ASSISTANT
Stevie Jones
FOR GBH OUTPOST
SENIOR DIRECTOR OF PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Tim Mangini
INTERNS
Joanna Hou
Catherine Hurley
Hannah Loss
Carol Rangel
Cara Stiegler
FRONTLINE / EMMA BOWEN FELLOW
Sharon Boateng
SERIES MUSIC
Mason Daring
Martin Brody
EXECUTIVE ASSISTANT
Will Farrell
DIRECTOR OF IMPACT AND EXTERNAL RELATIONS
Erika Howard
DIGITAL WRITER & AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIST
Patrice Taddonio
PUBLICITY & AUDIENCE ENGAGEMENT COORDINATOR
Julia Heffernan
DIGITAL PRODUCER / EDITOR
Tessa Maguire
MANAGER, PUBLIC RELATIONS AND COMMUNICATIONS
Anne Husted
PODCAST PRODUCER
Emily Pisacreta
ARCHIVES & RIGHTS MANAGER
John Campopiano
BUSINESS ASSOCIATE
Sean Gigliotti
CONTRACTS CONSULTANT
Junshi Lu
FOR GBH LEGAL
Eric Brass
Suzy Carrington
Jay Fialkov
SENIOR CONTRACTS MANAGER
Gianna DeGiulio
BUSINESS MANAGER
Sue Tufts
BUSINESS DIRECTOR
Mary Sullivan
SENIOR DEVELOPER
Anthony DeLorenzo
LEAD DESIGNER FOR DIGITAL
Dan Nolan
FRONTLINE/COLUMBIA JOURNALISM SCHOOL FELLOWSHIPS
TOW JOURNALISM FELLOW
Chantelle Lee
ABRAMS JOURNALISM FELLOW
Julia Ingram
FRONTLINE/NEWMARK JOURNALISM SCHOOL AT CUNY FELLOWSHIP
TOW JOURNALISM FELLOW
Bruce Gil
EDITORIAL CONSULTANTS
Lauren Prestileo
Callie T. Wiser
SENIOR DIGITAL PRODUCER / EDITOR
Miles Alvord
HOLLYHOCK FILMMAKERS IN RESIDENCE
Christina Avalos
Marcia Robiou
SERIES PRODUCER AND EDITOR
Michelle Mizner
DEPUTY DIGITAL EDITOR
Priyanka Boghani
DIGITAL EDITOR
Jennifer Wehunt
EDITORIAL COORDINATING PRODUCER
Katherine Griwert
POST COORDINATING PRODUCER
Robin Parmelee
SENIOR EDITOR AT LARGE
Louis Wiley Jr.
FOUNDER
David Fanning
SPECIAL COUNSEL
Dale Cohen
DIRECTOR OF AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT
Maria Diokno
SENIOR PRODUCERS
Dan Edge
Frank Koughan
SENIOR PRODUCER,
SPECIAL PROJECTS & INNOVATION
Carla Borrás
SENIOR EDITOR & DIRECTOR,
LOCAL JOURNALISM
Erin Texeira
SENIOR SERIES PRODUCER
Nina Chaudry
SENIOR EDITOR
INVESTIGATIONS
Lauren Ezell Kinlaw
MANAGING DIRECTOR
Janice Hui
MANAGING EDITOR
Andrew Metz
EXECUTIVE PRODUCER &
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
Raney Aronson-Rath
A FRONTLINE production with Forbidden Films, ARTE France, BBC Storyville
and Mediawan Rights in association with Quicksilver Media
© 2023 Forbidden Films, WGBH Educational Foundation, ARTE France, Mediawan Rights
All Rights Reserved
FRONTLINE is a production of GBH which is solely responsible for its content.
Part Two
A film by
Anne Poiret & Arthur Bouvart
DIRECTED BY
Anne Poiret
PRODUCED FOR FORBIDDEN FILMS BY
Laurent Richard & Sandrine Rigaud
FILMED BY
Arthur Bouvart
Thibault Delavigne
EDITED BY
Mathieu Goasguen
SENIOR PRODUCERS
Dan Edge
Eamonn Matthews
EDITORIAL CONSULTANTS
Dana Priest
Philip Bennett
ADDITIONAL REPORTING, FORBIDDEN STORIES
Paloma Dupont de Dinechin
Cécile Schilis-Gallego
Phineas Rueckert
Audrey Travère
Clément Lemerlus
Itzel Marie Diaz
ORIGINAL MUSIC
Olivier Adelen
HEAD OF PRODUCTION
Thierry Mangeard
ADDITIONAL EDITING
Philippe Couton
Bruno Joucla
Mark Summers
ADDITIONAL CAMERA
Christophe Astruc
Edward Bally
Pedro Brito Da Fonseca
Mathias Denizo
Thomas Lafarge
Léo Monnet
Raoul Seigneur
ONLINE EDITOR/COLORIST
Jim Ferguson
SOUND MIX
Christopher D. Anderson, C.A.S.
FIXERS
Shakked Auerbach
Shani Bar-David
Samuel López Amézquita
GRAPHIC DESIGNER
Élise Desmars
ARCHIVE PRODUCER
Héloïse Beauchêne
WRITING COORDINATOR
Fadila Belkacem
TRANSCRIPTION & TRANSLATION
Stéphanie Amar
Juliana Castano-Gonzalez
Jose Pablo Castro Salazar
Rony Efrat
Margaux Gac
Sasha Jurdant
Hicham Mansouri
Naciye Otar
Azilis Pierrel
Libertad Sobrado
Iris Tréhin
VOICE-OVER
Jeremiah Kissel
Will Lyman
ARCHIVAL MATERIALS
Al Jazeera Media Network
ARD-aktuel distributed by
Studio Hamburg Enterprises GMBH
Channel 2 News
CNN
Courtesy of Democracy Now Productions, Inc.
David Haigh / Detained International
Euronews
European Parliament
Excelsior TV
France 24
Getty Images
I24NEWS
Milenio
NBC News Archives
NPR
Periodico El Sur
Sascha Barriel / Drone Snap
Screenocean
Shutterstock
The Guardian
ADDITIONAL MATERIAL
Cecilio Pineda
China Media Group
Grillonautas
RT in Espagnol
WITH THE SUPPORT FROM
Centre national du cinéma
et de l’image animée
FOR FORBIDDEN FILMS
PRODUCTION ASSISTANT
Louis Goncalves
PRODUCTION ACCOUNTANT
Basma Guessous
POST PRODUCTION ASSISTANT
Thierry Thion
EXECUTIVE PRODUCER
Sandrine Rigaud
EXECUTIVE PRODUCER
Laurent Richard
FOR ARTE FRANCE
Fabrice Puchault
Anne Grolleron
Alexandre Marionneau
Marie-Lise Lafon
Quentin François
Rachel Anquetil
FOR BBC STORYVILLE
Philippa Kowarsky
Emma Hindley
WITH THE SUPPORT FROM
RTS Radio Télévision Suisse
DOCUMENTARY UNIT
Steven Artels & Bettina Hofmann
WITH THE SUPPORT FROM
RTBF - Documentary Unit
IN ASSOCIATION WITH
Channel HOT8
IN ASSOCIATION WITH
SVT
SPECIAL THANKS
Red en Defensa de los Derechos Digitales
Tina Jauhiainen
Saskia Brimont
Lise Schwimmer
Benoît Bringer
Christophe Barreyre
Craig Timberg
Donncha Ó Cearbhaill
Danna Ingleton
Agnès Callamard
Likhita Banerji
Raed Labassi
Tom Mackey
Bill Marczak
John Scott Railton
Ron Deibert
Aristegui Noticias
The Guardian
Le Monde
The Washington Post
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Die Zeit
Radio France
Proceso
OCCRP
Knack
Le Soir
Haaretz
TheMarker
The Wire
Daraj
Direkt36
ORIGINAL PRODUCTION FUNDING PROVIDED BY
Corporation for Public Broadcasting, Abrams Foundation, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Park Foundation, Heising-Simons Foundation, FRONTLINE Journalism Fund with major support from Jon and Jo Ann Hagler through the Jon L. Hagler Foundation.
FOR FRONTLINE
DIRECTOR OF POST PRODUCTION
Megan McGough Christian
SENIOR EDITOR
Barry Clegg
EDITOR
Brenna Verre
EDITOR
Joey Mullin
ASSISTANT EDITORS
Christine Giordano
Alex LaGore
Tim Meagher
Peter Norton
PRODUCTION ASSISTANT
Stevie Jones
FOR GBH OUTPOST
SENIOR DIRECTOR OF PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Tim Mangini
INTERNS
Joanna Hou
Catherine Hurley
Hannah Loss
Carol Rangel
Cara Stiegler
FRONTLINE / EMMA BOWEN FELLOW
Sharon Boateng
SERIES MUSIC
Mason Daring
Martin Brody
EXECUTIVE ASSISTANT
Will Farrell
DIRECTOR OF IMPACT AND EXTERNAL RELATIONS
Erika Howard
DIGITAL WRITER & AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIST
Patrice Taddonio
PUBLICITY & AUDIENCE ENGAGEMENT COORDINATOR
Julia Heffernan
DIGITAL PRODUCER / EDITOR
Tessa Maguire
MANAGER, PUBLIC RELATIONS AND COMMUNICATIONS
Anne Husted
PODCAST PRODUCER
Emily Pisacreta
ARCHIVES & RIGHTS MANAGER
John Campopiano
ARCHIVES & RIGHTS CONSULTANT
Kevina Tidwell
BUSINESS ASSOCIATE
Sean Gigliotti
CONTRACTS CONSULTANT
Junshi Lu
FOR GBH LEGAL
Eric Brass
Suzy Carrington
Jay Fialkov
SENIOR CONTRACTS MANAGER
Gianna DeGiulio
BUSINESS MANAGER
Sue Tufts
BUSINESS DIRECTOR
Mary Sullivan
SENIOR DEVELOPER
Anthony DeLorenzo
LEAD DESIGNER FOR DIGITAL
Dan Nolan
FRONTLINE/COLUMBIA JOURNALISM SCHOOL FELLOWSHIPS
TOW JOURNALISM FELLOW
Chantelle Lee
ABRAMS JOURNALISM FELLOW
Julia Ingram
FRONTLINE/NEWMARK JOURNALISM SCHOOL AT CUNY FELLOWSHIP
TOW JOURNALISM FELLOW
Bruce Gil
EDITORIAL CONSULTANTS
Lauren Prestileo
Callie T. Wiser
SENIOR DIGITAL PRODUCER / EDITOR
Miles Alvord
HOLLYHOCK FILMMAKERS IN RESIDENCE
Christina Avalos
Marcia Robiou
SERIES PRODUCER AND EDITOR
Michelle Mizner
DEPUTY DIGITAL EDITOR
Priyanka Boghani
EDITORIAL COORDINATING PRODUCER
Katherine Griwert
POST COORDINATING PRODUCER
Robin Parmelee
SENIOR EDITOR AT LARGE
Louis Wiley Jr.
FOUNDER
David Fanning
SPECIAL COUNSEL
Dale Cohen
DIRECTOR OF AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT
Maria Diokno
SENIOR PRODUCERS
Dan Edge
Frank Koughan
SENIOR PRODUCER,
SPECIAL PROJECTS & INNOVATION
Carla Borrás
SENIOR EDITOR & DIRECTOR,
LOCAL JOURNALISM
Erin Texeira
SENIOR SERIES PRODUCER
Nina Chaudry
SENIOR EDITOR
INVESTIGATIONS
Lauren Ezell Kinlaw
MANAGING DIRECTOR
Janice Hui
MANAGING EDITOR
Andrew Metz
EXECUTIVE PRODUCER &
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
Raney Aronson-Rath
A FRONTLINE production with Forbidden Films, ARTE France, BBC Storyville
and Mediawan Rights in association with Quicksilver Media
© 2023 Forbidden Films, WGBH Educational Foundation, ARTE France, BBC, Mediawan Rights
All Rights Reserved
FRONTLINE is a production of GBH which is solely responsible for its content.