DIRECTED BY
Sasha Joelle Achilli
Sara Obeidat
PRODUCED BY
Amel Guettatfi
Saad Al Nassife
Sara Obeidat
NARRATED BY
Sara Obeidat
CO-PRODUCED & EDITED BY
Andrew Pattison, ACE
SENIOR PRODUCER
Dan Edge
DIRECTORS OF PHOTOGRAPHY
Zach Caldwell
Joshua Baker
Brendan Easton
ADDITIONAL CAMERA
Tarek Turkey
Mikhail Galustov
Mani Benchelah
Sasha Joelle Achilli
Mohammed Nizar Mokhel
ADDITIONAL EDITING
Nazim Kadri-Zade
PRODUCTION EXECUTIVES
Rebecca Lavender
Lisa Megarry
PRODUCTION MANAGERS
Rachel Martinez
Phil Kingwell
Olivia Badnell
Toby Keeley
PRODUCTION COORDINATORS
Carolyne Astbury
Rory Boyle
PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT ASSISTANT
Ellis Green
LOCATION PRODUCERS
Oudai Hussein
Zeynep Bilginsoy
LOGISTICS – TURKEY
Hakan Ozdemir
ORIGINAL MUSIC
Firas Abou Fakher
COLORIST
Sonny Sheridan
ONLINE EDITOR
Dicky Everton BFE
ADDITIONAL ONLINE EDITOR/COLORIST
Jim Ferguson
SOUND MIX
Jim Sullivan
DIGITAL TECHNICIAN
Nicola Theodoulides
HEAD OF DEVELOPMENT
Victoria Musguin-Rowe
DEVELOPMENT RESEARCHER
Sheida Kiran
ADDITIONAL RESEARCH
Firas Al Sweiha
Hussam Hammoud
Karam Shoumali
Mohammad Al Hammoud
IMPACT PRODUCER
Laura Gaynor
ARCHIVE PRODUCER
Stuart Robertson
ADDITIONAL ARCHIVE RESEARCH
Omar Al Ghazzi
GRAPHICS
Chris Salvador
TRANSLATION
Takwa Masadeh
Saga Translations
Saman Jaff
SATELLITE IMAGE ANALYSIS
Jonathan Drake
ARCHIVAL MATERIAL
Talal Derki
Getty Images / Andalou
Getty Images / ITN
The Open University
Reuters
Saqba News
Shutterstock
ADDITIONAL MATERIAL
ABC News
Yahoo! News
FOR BBC
COMMISSIONING EDITOR
Joanna Carr
EXECUTIVE PRODUCER
Sarah Waldron
ORIGINAL PRODUCTION FUNDING PROVIDED BY
Corporation for Public Broadcasting, Abrams Foundation, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Park Foundation, FRONTLINE Journalism Fund with major support from Jon and Jo Ann Hagler through the Jon L. Hagler Foundation, additional support from Koo & Patricia Yuen and from Laura DeBonis & Scott Nathan.
FOR FRONTLINE
POST PRODUCTION MANAGER
Tim Meagher
SENIOR EDITOR
Barry Clegg
EDITOR
Brenna Verre
EDITORS
Christine Giordano
Joey Mullin
PRODUCTION ASSISTANT
Hinako Barnes
ASSISTANT EDITORS
Thomas Crosby
Julia McCarthy
FOR GBH OUTPOST
SENIOR POST PRODUCTION MANAGER
Beth Godlin Lillis
SENIOR DIRECTOR OF PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Tim Mangini
INTERN
Nicholas Doyle
SERIES MUSIC
Mason Daring
Martin Brody
EXECUTIVE ASSISTANT
Ellen O’Neill
DIRECTOR OF IMPACT AND EXTERNAL RELATIONS
Erika Howard
SENIOR DIGITAL WRITER
Patrice Taddonio
PUBLICITY & AUDIENCE ENGAGEMENT COORDINATOR
Julia Heffernan
ASSISTANT DIGITAL EDITOR
Ambika Kandasamy
ASSOCIATE DIGITAL EDITOR
Mackenzie Wright
DIGITAL PRODUCER / EDITOR
Tessa Maguire
DIRECTOR OF MARKETING & COMMUNICATIONS
Anne Husted
PODCAST PRODUCER
Emily Pisacreta
ARCHIVES & RIGHTS MANAGER
John Campopiano
SENIOR BUSINESS ASSOCIATE
Sean Gigliotti
FOR GBH LEGAL
Eric Brass
Suzy Carrington
Jay Fialkov
SENIOR CONTRACTS MANAGER
Gianna DeGiulio
SENIOR BUSINESS MANAGER
Sue Tufts
BUSINESS DIRECTOR
Mary Sullivan
SENIOR DEVELOPER
Anthony DeLorenzo
LEAD, DIGITAL DESIGN & INTERACTIVE
Dan Nolan
FRONTLINE/COLUMBIA JOURNALISM SCHOOL FELLOWSHIP
TOW JOURNALISM FELLOWS
Jala Everett
Refael Kubersky
FRONTLINE/NEWMARK JOURNALISM SCHOOL AT CUNY FELLOWSHIP
TOW JOURNALISM FELLOW
Sunny Nagpaul
FRONTLINE/MISSOURI SCHOOL OF JOURNALISM FELLOWSHIP
MURRAY JOURNALISM FELLOW
Kristina Abovyan
PBS CREATIVE VOICES FELLOWSHIP
DIGITAL PRODUCER
Tasnia Choudhury
ARCHIVAL PRODUCER
Coral C. Salomón Bartolomei
SENIOR DIGITAL PRODUCER / EDITOR
Miles Alvord
SENIOR DOCUMENTARY EDITOR & PRODUCER
Michelle Mizner
DIGITAL EDITOR
Priyanka Boghani
STORY EDITOR & COORDINATING PRODUCER
Katherine Griwert
POST COORDINATING PRODUCER
Robin Parmelee
SENIOR EDITOR AT LARGE
Louis Wiley Jr.
FOUNDER
David Fanning
SPECIAL COUNSEL
Dale Cohen
SENIOR PRODUCERS
Dan Edge
Frank Koughan
SENIOR EDITOR & DIRECTOR,
LOCAL JOURNALISM
Erin Texeira
SENIOR EDITOR,
INVESTIGATIONS
Lauren Ezell Kinlaw
MANAGING DIRECTOR
Brian Eule
MANAGING EDITOR
Andrew Metz
EXECUTIVE PRODUCER & EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
Raney Aronson-Rath
A BBC Current Affairs production
for GBH/FRONTLINE and BBC
© 2025 BBC
All Rights Reserved
Additional Materials
© 2025 WGBH Educational Foundation
All Rights Reserved
FRONTLINE is a production of GBH, which is solely responsible for its content.