Part One: Denial
PRODUCED and DIRECTED BY
Jane McMullen
SERIES PRODUCER
Dan Edge
EDITOR
Ella Newton
PRODUCER
Emma Supple
HEAD OF PRODUCTION
Belinda Morrison
FRONTLINE CONSULTANT
Russell Gold
PRODUCER
Sara Obeidat
CAMERA
Neil Barrett
Robin Barnwell
SOUND
Eli Swenson
ADDITIONAL CAMERA
Brook Aitken
David Allen
Gabriella Garcia-Pardo
Mikon Haaksman
Randall Love
Tim Metzger
Mark Molesworth
Brett Wiley
ORIGINAL MUSIC
Louis Dodd
Richard Spiller
NARRATOR
Will Lyman
ARCHIVE PRODUCERS
Megan Robertson
Izze Gibson
ARCHIVE RESEARCHERS
Juliana Torres
Talia Acosta
ONLINE EDITOR/COLORIST
Jim Ferguson
SOUND MIX
Jim Sullivan
GRAPHICS
Chris Laing
ADDITIONAL EDITING
Laurence Williamson
Nick Brooks
ASSISTANT EDITOR
Toby Fitzpatrick
PRODUCTION MANAGER
Laura Jones
ARCHIVAL MATERIALS
ABC News Videosource
Alamy
AP Archive/Press Association
Melissa Aronczyk
Brandon Ivey
C-SPAN
CBS/Veritone
Courtesy of Charlie Rose, Inc.
Courtesy of CNN
Craig Philpott
Dolph Briscoe Center for American History
Getty Images
Historic Films Archive
Kinolibrary LTD
KJFilmworks
Andrew McMullen
NBC News Archives via Getty Images
News9 Oklahoma
Pond5
Producers Library
Redux Pictures
Robert C. Byrd Center for Congressional History and Education
Screenocean/Reuters
Shutterstock
Nicky Sundt
Storm Chasing Video
U.S. Senator Chuck Hagel Archives, University of Nebraska at Omaha
The Wichita Eagle
WGBH
Richard Werthamer
ADDITIONAL MATERIALS
Abilene Reporter
BBC Motion Gallery
Paul Bernstein
Business Roundtable
C-SPAN
Calgary Herald
CNBC
CNC Catastrophe & National Claims
Competitive Enterprise Institute
Des Moines Register
DW News
Henry Shaw
James Hansen
IPIECA
Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences
Major League Baseball
Marc Chupka
Money Talks
Nanaimo Daily News
National Geographic
Nature Magazine
New Jersey Nightly News
News Press Sunday
PBS NewsHour
Pergamon Press
Don Rheem
Ben Santer
Scripps Institute
St. Cloud Times
Staking the Globe
The Albuquerque Tribune
The Baltimore Sun
The Boston Globe
The Courier Journal
The Energy Daily
The Guardian
The New York Times
The News & Observer
The Oklahoman
The Orlando Sentinel
The Ottawa Citizen
The Wall Street Journal
The Washington Post
The Washington Times
The World Climate Report
TRT World
University of Oklahoma
EXECUTIVE PRODUCER FOR BBC
Sarah Waldron
This production earned the Albert environmental sustainability certificate for film & TV in the UK.
Original funding for this program was provided by public television stations, Corporation for Public Broadcasting, Abrams Foundation, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Park Foundation, Heising-Simons Foundation, FRONTLINE Journalism Fund with major support from Jon and Jo Ann Hagler, additional support from Koo and Patricia Yuen. Support for this program is from WNET Group’s Peril and Promise initiative, with major funding by Dr. P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos. And additional funding by The Marc Haas Foundation, Sue and Edgar Wachenheim III, and the Cheryl and Philip Milstein Family. Additional support is from The JPB Foundation and the GBH Planet Future Fund with major funding from Barbara and Amos Hostetter, and Lynn Bay Dayton and Bruce C. Dayton.
FOR FRONTLINE
DIRECTOR OF POST PRODUCTION
Megan McGough Christian
SENIOR EDITOR
Barry Clegg
EDITOR
Brenna Verre
EDITOR
Joey Mullin
ASSISTANT EDITORS
Alex LaGore
Tim Meagher
Christine Giordano
PRODUCTION ASSISTANT
Stevie Jones
FOR GBH OUTPOST
EDITOR
Deb Holland
SENIOR DIRECTOR OF PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Tim Mangini
INTERNS
Gabby Barre
Sunjin Chang
Dallin Mello
Sophia Gardner
Catherine Morreale
SERIES MUSIC
Mason Daring
Martin Brody
EXECUTIVE ASSISTANT
Will Farrell
IMPACT PRODUCER
Erika Howard
DIGITAL WRITER & AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIST
Patrice Taddonio
AUDIENCE ENGAGEMENT EDITOR
Ambika Kandasamy
ASSISTANT EDITOR, DIGITAL
Tessa Maguire
MANAGER, PUBLIC RELATIONS AND COMMUNICATIONS
Anne Husted
PODCAST PRODUCER
Emily Pisacreta
ARCHIVES & RIGHTS MANAGER
John Campopiano
ARCHIVE & RIGHTS CONSULTANT
Kevina Tidwell
FOR GBH LEGAL
Eric Brass
Suzy Carrington
Jay Fialkov
SENIOR CONTRACTS MANAGER
Gianna DeGiulio
BUSINESS MANAGER
Sue Tufts
BUSINESS DIRECTOR
Mary Sullivan
SENIOR DEVELOPER
Anthony DeLorenzo
LEAD DESIGNER FOR DIGITAL
Dan Nolan
FRONTLINE/COLUMBIA JOURNALISM SCHOOL FELLOWSHIPS
TOW JOURNALISM FELLOW
Taylor Eldridge
ABRAMS JOURNALISM FELLOW
Aasma Mojiz
FRONTLINE/NEWMARK JOURNALISM SCHOOL AT CUNY FELLOWSHIP
TOW JOURNALISM FELLOW
Bruce Gil
FRONTLINE/FIRELIGHT INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALISM FELLOWS
Cristina Ibarra
Ursula Liang
DIGITAL REPORTER
Paula Moura
EDITORIAL CONSULTANTS
Lauren Prestileo
Callie T. Wiser
DIGITAL PRODUCER / EDITOR
Miles Alvord
HOLLYHOCK FILMMAKER IN RESIDENCE
Marcia Robiou
SERIES PRODUCER AND EDITOR
Michelle Mizner
INVESTIGATIVE PRODUCER
Daffodil J. Altan
DEPUTY DIGITAL EDITOR
Priyanka Boghani
DIGITAL EDITOR
Jennifer Wehunt
EDITORIAL COORDINATING PRODUCER
Katherine Griwert
POST COORDINATING PRODUCER
Robin Parmelee
SENIOR EDITOR AT LARGE
Louis Wiley Jr.
FOUNDER
David Fanning
SPECIAL COUNSEL
Dale Cohen
SPECIAL PROJECTS EDITOR
Philip Bennett
DIRECTOR OF AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT
Maria Diokno
SENIOR PRODUCER FOR SPECIAL PROJECTS & INNOVATION
Carla Borrás
SENIOR PRODUCERS
Dan Edge
Frank Koughan
SENIOR EDITOR
Lauren Ezell Kinlaw
MANAGING DIRECTOR
Janice Hui
MANAGING EDITOR
Andrew Metz
EXECUTIVE PRODUCER
Raney Aronson-Rath
A FRONTLINE Production with Mongoose Pictures
in association with BBC and Arte
©2022
WGBH Educational Foundation
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FRONTLINE is a production of GBH which is solely responsible for its content.
Part Two: Doubt
PRODUCED AND DIRECTED BY
Gesbeen Mohammad
SERIES PRODUCER
Dan Edge
CINEMATOGRAPHY
Robin Barnwell
EDITOR
Brad Manning
SENIOR PRODUCERS
Eamonn Matthews
James Jacoby
PRODUCER
Sara Obeidat
HEAD OF PRODUCTION
Belinda Morrison
FRONTLINE CONSULTANT
Russell Gold
ASSISTANT EDITOR
Toby Fitzpatrick
ORIGINAL MUSIC
Richard Spiller
Louis Dodd
NARRATOR
Will Lyman
ONLINE EDITOR/COLORIST
Jim Ferguson
SOUND MIX
Jim Sullivan
GRAPHICS
Chris Laing
PRODUCTION MANAGER
Laura Jones
ARCHIVE PRODUCERS
Megan Robertson
Izze Gibson
ARCHIVE RESEARCHERS
Juliana Torres
Talia Acosta
ADDITIONAL CAMERA
Neil Barrett
ADDITIONAL SOUND
Eli Swenson
ADDITIONAL ASSITANT EDITING
Rory Yeung
ARCHIVAL MATERIALS
ABCNews Videosource
AP Archive/Press Association
Axiom Images
Bill Heins
Bob Inglis
CBS/Veritone
Courtesy of Charlie Rose, Inc.
Courtesy of CNN
CONUS
F.I.L.M. Archives
Fortune
Getty Images
Greenpeace
Joe Public Films, LLC
Journeyman Pictures Ltd
Kinolibrary LTD
Lee Fang
NBC News Archives via Getty Images
Partisan Pictures
Pond5
REUTERS/Jessica Rinaldi
Screenocean/Reuters
Shutterstock
Storm Chasing Video
Taki Oldham
NBC5/KXAS Television News Collection, University of North Texas Special Collections
Smithsonian Institution Archives. SIA07-164_V0078UC, SIA07-164_V0157UC, SIA07-164_V0154OM
ADDITIONAL MATERIALS
Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
BBC Motion Gallery
C-SPAN
CBC
Channel 4
Conservative Society for Action
Fox News
Gore/Lieberman c/o Museum of the Moving Image
Katerkate
Lawrence Bender Productions/Participant Productions/Paramount Classics
NPR
B Bernhardt/OKC Tea Party
PBS NewsHour
PhillyTeaParty
Tampa Tribune
The Atlanta Constitution
The Baltimore Sun
ThinkProgress
ThomasforCongress
Washington Post
We Can Solve It
William Dawes
WYFF
SPECIAL THANKS
Alex Panagiotidis
The Rink Family
EXECUTIVE PRODUCER FOR BBC
Sarah Waldron
This production earned the Albert environmental
sustainability certificate for film & TV in the UK
Original funding for this program was provided by public television stations, Corporation for Public Broadcasting, Abrams Foundation, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Park Foundation, Heising-Simons Foundation, FRONTLINE Journalism Fund with major support from Jon and Jo Ann Hagler on behalf of the Jon L Hagler Foundation, additional support from Koo and Patricia Yuen. Support for this program is from WNET Group’s Peril and Promise initiative with major funding by Dr. P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos, and additional funding by The Marc Haas Foundation, Sue and Edgar Wachenheim III, and the Cheryl and Philip Milstein Family. Additional support is from The JPB Foundation and the GBH Planet Future Fund with major funding from Barbara and Amos Hostetter, and Lynn Bay Dayton and Bruce C. Dayton.
FOR FRONTLINE
DIRECTOR OF POST PRODUCTION
Megan McGough Christian
SENIOR EDITOR
Barry Clegg
EDITOR
Brenna Verre
EDITOR
Joey Mullin
ASSISTANT EDITORS
Alex LaGore
Tim Meagher
Christine Giordano
PRODUCTION ASSISTANT
Stevie Jones
FOR GBH OUTPOST
EDITOR
Deb Holland
SENIOR DIRECTOR OF PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Tim Mangini
INTERNS
Gabby Barre
Sunjin Chang
Dallin Mello
Sophia Gardner
Catherine Morreale
SERIES MUSIC
Mason Daring
Martin Brody
EXECUTIVE ASSISTANT
Will Farrell
IMPACT PRODUCER
Erika Howard
DIGITAL WRITER & AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIST
Patrice Taddonio
AUDIENCE ENGAGEMENT EDITOR
Ambika Kandasamy
ASSISTANT EDITOR, DIGITAL
Tessa Maguire
MANAGER, PUBLIC RELATIONS AND COMMUNICATIONS
Anne Husted
PODCAST PRODUCER
Emily Pisacreta
ARCHIVES & RIGHTS MANAGER
John Campopiano
ARCHIVE & RIGHTS CONSULTANT
Kevina Tidwell
FOR GBH LEGAL
Eric Brass
Suzy Carrington
Jay Fialkov
SENIOR CONTRACTS MANAGER
Gianna DeGiulio
BUSINESS MANAGER
Sue Tufts
BUSINESS DIRECTOR
Mary Sullivan
SENIOR DEVELOPER
Anthony DeLorenzo
LEAD DESIGNER FOR DIGITAL
Dan Nolan
FRONTLINE/COLUMBIA JOURNALISM SCHOOL FELLOWSHIPS
TOW JOURNALISM FELLOW
Taylor Eldridge
ABRAMS JOURNALISM FELLOW
Aasma Mojiz
FRONTLINE/NEWMARK JOURNALISM SCHOOL AT CUNY FELLOWSHIP
TOW JOURNALISM FELLOW
Bruce Gil
FRONTLINE/FIRELIGHT INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALISM FELLOWS
Cristina Ibarra
Ursula Liang
DIGITAL REPORTER
Paula Moura
EDITORIAL CONSULTANTS
Lauren Prestileo
Callie T. Wiser
DIGITAL PRODUCER / EDITOR
Miles Alvord
HOLLYHOCK FILMMAKER IN RESIDENCE
Marcia Robiou
SERIES PRODUCER AND EDITOR
Michelle Mizner
INVESTIGATIVE PRODUCER
Daffodil J. Altan
DEPUTY DIGITAL EDITOR
Priyanka Boghani
DIGITAL EDITOR
Jennifer Wehunt
EDITORIAL COORDINATING PRODUCER
Katherine Griwert
POST COORDINATING PRODUCER
Robin Parmelee
SENIOR EDITOR AT LARGE
Louis Wiley Jr.
FOUNDER
David Fanning
SPECIAL COUNSEL
Dale Cohen
DIRECTOR OF AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT
Maria Diokno
SENIOR PRODUCER FOR SPECIAL PROJECTS & INNOVATION
Carla Borrás
SENIOR PRODUCERS
Dan Edge
Frank Koughan
SENIOR EDITOR
Lauren Ezell Kinlaw
MANAGING DIRECTOR
Janice Hui
MANAGING EDITOR
Andrew Metz
EXECUTIVE PRODUCER
Raney Aronson-Rath
A FRONTLINE Production with Mongoose Pictures
in association with BBC and Arte
©2022
WGBH Educational Foundation
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FRONTLINE is a production of GBH which is solely responsible for its content.
Part Three: Delay
FILMED & DIRECTED BY
Robin Barnwell
PRODUCED BY
Robin Barnwell
Gesbeen Mohammad
SERIES PRODUCER
Dan Edge
FILM EDITOR
Guy Creasey
SENIOR PRODUCERS
James Jacoby
Eamonn Matthews
PRODUCER
Sara Obeidat
HEAD OF PRODUCTION
Belinda Morrison
FRONTLINE CONSULTANT
Russell Gold
ASSISTANT EDITOR
Toby Fitzpatrick
ORIGINAL MUSIC
Richard Spiller
NARRATOR
Will Lyman
ONLINE EDITOR/COLORIST
Jim Ferguson
SOUND MIX
Jim Sullivan
GRAPHICS
Chris Laing
PRODUCTION MANAGER
Laura Jones
ARCHIVE PRODUCERS
Megan Robertson
Izze Gibson
ARCHIVE RESEARCHERS
Juliana Torres
Talia Acosta
Mary Carson
ADDITIONAL CAMERA
Katherine McNamara
Kevin Van Stevenson
ADDITIONAL ASSITANT EDITING
Rory Yeung
ARCHIVAL MATERIALS
Alamy
AP Archive/Press Association
Axiom
Bloomberg
CBS/Veritone
Courtesy of CNN
C-SPAN
Getty Images
NBC News Archives via Getty Images
Newsflare
PBS NewsHour
Pond5
Screenocean/Reuters
Sharon Wilson
Texas Archive of the Moving Image
The Oklahoman
350.org
Heather Zichal
ADDITIONAL MATERIALS
Climate Progress
CNBC
BBC
CCTV News
C-SPAN
Cornell University
EU Climate Action
Fox News
KABB Fox 29
KOFY
KPRC-TV
KRON4
MIT
NPR
PBS NewHour
United Nations
VOA News
Yahoo Finance
SPECIAL THANKS
Alex Panagiotidis
The Rink Family
EXECUTIVE PRODUCER FOR BBC
Sarah Waldron
This production earned the Albert environmental sustainability certificate for film & TV in the UK
Original funding for this program was provided by public television stations, Corporation for Public Broadcasting, Abrams Foundation, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Park Foundation, Heising-Simons Foundation, FRONTLINE Journalism Fund with major support from Jon and Jo Ann Hagler, additional support from Koo and Patricia Yuen. Support for this program is from WNET Group’s Peril and Promise initiative, with major funding by Dr. P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos. And additional funding by The Marc Haas Foundation, Sue and Edgar Wachenheim III, and the Cheryl and Philip Milstein Family. Additional support is from The JPB Foundation and the GBH Planet Future Fund with major funding from Barbara and Amos Hostetter, and Lynn Bay Dayton and Bruce C. Dayton.
FOR FRONTLINE
DIRECTOR OF POST PRODUCTION
Megan McGough Christian
SENIOR EDITOR
Barry Clegg
EDITOR
Brenna Verre
EDITOR
Joey Mullin
ASSISTANT EDITORS
Alex LaGore
Tim Meagher
Christine Giordano
PRODUCTION ASSISTANT
Stevie Jones
FOR GBH OUTPOST
EDITOR
Deb Holland
SENIOR DIRECTOR OF PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Tim Mangini
INTERNS
Gabby Barre
Sunjin Chang
Sophia Gardner
SERIES MUSIC
Mason Daring
Martin Brody
EXECUTIVE ASSISTANT
Will Farrell
IMPACT PRODUCER
Erika Howard
DIGITAL WRITER & AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIST
Patrice Taddonio
AUDIENCE ENGAGEMENT EDITOR
Ambika Kandasamy
ASSISTANT EDITOR, DIGITAL
Tessa Maguire
MANAGER, PUBLIC RELATIONS AND COMMUNICATIONS
Anne Husted
PODCAST PRODUCER
Emily Pisacreta
ARCHIVES & RIGHTS MANAGER
John Campopiano
ARCHIVE & RIGHTS CONSULTANT
Kevina Tidwell
FOR GBH LEGAL
Eric Brass
Suzy Carrington
Jay Fialkov
SENIOR CONTRACTS MANAGER
Gianna DeGiulio
BUSINESS MANAGER
Sue Tufts
BUSINESS DIRECTOR
Mary Sullivan
SENIOR DEVELOPER
Anthony DeLorenzo
LEAD DESIGNER FOR DIGITAL
Dan Nolan
FRONTLINE/COLUMBIA JOURNALISM SCHOOL FELLOWSHIPS
TOW JOURNALISM FELLOW
Taylor Eldridge
ABRAMS JOURNALISM FELLOW
Aasma Mojiz
FRONTLINE/NEWMARK JOURNALISM SCHOOL AT CUNY FELLOWSHIP
TOW JOURNALISM FELLOW
Bruce Gil
FRONTLINE/FIRELIGHT INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALISM FELLOWS
Cristina Ibarra
Ursula Liang
DIGITAL REPORTER
Paula Moura
EDITORIAL CONSULTANTS
Lauren Prestileo
Callie T. Wiser
DIGITAL PRODUCER / EDITOR
Miles Alvord
HOLLYHOCK FILMMAKER IN RESIDENCE
Marcia Robiou
SERIES PRODUCER AND EDITOR
Michelle Mizner
INVESTIGATIVE PRODUCER
Daffodil J. Altan
DEPUTY DIGITAL EDITOR
Priyanka Boghani
DIGITAL EDITOR
Jennifer Wehunt
EDITORIAL COORDINATING PRODUCER
Katherine Griwert
POST COORDINATING PRODUCER
Robin Parmelee
SENIOR EDITOR AT LARGE
Louis Wiley Jr.
FOUNDER
David Fanning
SPECIAL COUNSEL
Dale Cohen
DIRECTOR OF AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT
Maria Diokno
SENIOR PRODUCERS
Dan Edge
Frank Koughan
SENIOR PRODUCER,
SPECIAL PROJECTS & INNOVATION
Carla Borrás
SENIOR EDITOR & DIRECTOR,
LOCAL JOURNALISM
Erin Texeira
SENIOR SERIES PRODUCER
Nina Chaudry
SENIOR EDITOR
Lauren Ezell Kinlaw
MANAGING DIRECTOR
Janice Hui
MANAGING EDITOR
Andrew Metz
EXECUTIVE PRODUCER
Raney Aronson-Rath
A FRONTLINE Production with Mongoose Pictures
in association with BBC and Arte
©2022
WGBH Educational Foundation
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FRONTLINE is a production of GBH which is solely responsible for its content.