Seminole Chief Billy Bowlegs

A powder horn with powerful provenance found at the Little Rock ROADSHOW event in July 2015 is one of very few known relics remaining from the Seminole Wars. Learn more!

Jan 25, 2016

BY Dylan Hayley Leavitt

Appraisal: 1813 Seminole Powder Horn

Transcript

GUEST: This has been in my family for a number of generations. It was given to my great-great-great-grandfather, who came to this country from Ireland. He ended up settling in Indian territory, which was in Indiana then. He was an Indian scout in the Battle of Tippecanoe and also in the Battle of 1812. And then later on, he ended up in Georgia as an Indian peacemaker working with relocating the Indian chiefs and the Indians from Carolina and Florida. And he became friends with a Seminole Indian chief from Florida named Billy Bowlegs, who gave this to him. And it's been in our family ever since.

APPRAISER: Billy Bowlegs was the Seminole chief after Osceola. During the War of 1812, the Seminoles sided with the British to a great degree. The British really stirred up a lot of hostility against the Americans. They fought a war after that with the American Army, and then again in the 1840s fought another war against the American Army. At that time, the principal chief was Billy Bowlegs. His name was Halpuda Mikko in Muscogee. They were one of the Creek-speaking groups. And Seminole means "runaway" or "separatist" in the Muscogee language, and they were considered to be separated from the main part of the tribe when they moved into Florida. And Bowlegs was a holdout. He refused to go over the Trail of Tears when they went to Indian territory. He was also like an ambassador. So when you see these big books of portraits of the American Indian representatives to Washington, Bowlegs is in all of them, and his portrait appears frequently. He was a very, very important chief in the southeastern United States. Finally, after years of warfare, they convinced him to move to Indian territory, which is now Oklahoma, in the 1850s, the late 1850s. Halpuda Mikko, "halpuda" means alligator, "mikko" is just the Muscogee word for chief. So he was called the alligator chief. If you look at this horn, it's dated 1813, so I expect it was carved at the end of the War of 1812 with the British.

GUEST: Oh, okay.

APPRAISER: I suspect it was made by someone in the tribe. It's a great, great piece of American history. And I saw that this horn was actually published in a historical quarterly in the 1950s. It's got incredible documentation in your family. The history is just unbeatable. You can see the back side's plain, and all the carving's on the front.

GUEST: Right.

APPRAISER: And that's probably... it was made to show from that side and to hang off a strap.

GUEST: Oh, okay.

APPRAISER: It's very hard to know what something like this would bring if it came up for auction. The bottom's gone, which makes absolutely no difference at all, and it's been gone for probably 150 years. I think conservatively, because it's so historic and connected with such an important person, with great documentation, if it came up for auction, $20,000 to $25,000.

GUEST: Oh, my. That's nice.

APPRAISER: I think it could bring significantly more.

GUEST: Mm-hmm.

APPRAISER: There are very few things from the Seminole wars, there are very few things connected with those men. And I love seeing it. It's a great piece of American history.

GUEST: Thank you so much.

KEY POINTS FROM THIS ARTICLE:

An ancestor's connection to Seminole chief Billy Bowlegs gives a rare, engraved powder horn powerful provenance from the mid-1800s Seminole Wars era.
Tribal Art expert Bruce Shackelford values the historic relic at $20,000 to $25,000 because it connects directly to the influential chief, an activist against forced native relocation.

A powder horn with powerful provenance found at the Little Rock ROADSHOW event in July 2015 is one of very few known relics remaining from the Seminole Wars. The engraved piece had been presented to the owner’s ancestor in the mid-1800s by Seminole chief Billy Bowlegs, whom he had befriended while living in Georgia as an Indian peacemaker, relocating native populations from Carolina and Florida to Indian Territory. Tribal Art expert Bruce Shackelford dated the horn’s creation to about 1813 and gave it an auction estimate of $20,000 to $25,000, “because it’s so historic and connected with such an important person.”

Who Was Billy Bowlegs?

Seminole chief Billy Bowlegs, also known as Halpuda Micco, or “Alligator Chief,” was a leader during the early 19th century, a turbulent time for Native Americans, which saw multiple wars as well as the forced relocation of native populations to federally designated Indian Territory in the West.

Black and white portrait of a Seminole chief. He wears a tall black feather headpiece and traditional garb. — **Portrait of Chief Billy Bowlegs, ca. 1858**

Born in 1810 in north-central Florida, Bowlegs rose to prominence as an activist against the Indian Removal Act signed by President Andrew Jackson in 1830, which was forcing the relocation of American Indians including the Seminole from their native lands to territories west. Once the U.S. government ordered the relocation, Bowlegs refused to comply. “He refused to go over the Trail of Tears,” Shackelford said. Bowlegs became influential in the Second Seminole War, which took place over seven years until 1842. Bowlegs was “also like an ambassador,” Shackelford said, visiting Washington, D.C., to advocate for the rights of his people. “When you see these big books of portraits of the American Indian representatives to Washington, Bowlegs is in all of them,” Shackelford said.

By the 1850s, increasing numbers of white settlers and surveyors made their way to Florida, impinging on Seminole lands. Mutual hostilities instigated the Third Seminole War in 1855, during which Bowlegs implemented effective guerilla-style warfare. In 1857, the U.S. War Department destroyed Bowlegs’ camp headquarters, leading to negotiations that resulted in the relocation of the Seminoles to Indian Territory and the end of the war in 1858. Bowlegs died a year later, shortly after arriving in Indian Territory.

The powder horn brought to ROADSHOW represents not only an icon of the struggle for Seminole and Native American rights, but also a connection to a tempestuous time for settlers and natives. “There are very few things from the Seminole wars,” Shackelford said. “There are very few things connected with those men. It’s a great piece of American history.”

See the full segment in our Appraisals Archive

Dylan Hayley Leavitt

Dylan Hayley Leavitt was ANTIQUES ROADSHOW's digital associate producer from 2012 to 2017.