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Mary Frances Berry
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(Born 1938)
African American professor, writer, lawyer, and activist. She served as assistant secretary in the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare during the Carter Administration, led the civil rights commission under President Bill Clinton, and was an outspoken advocate of the Equal Rights Amendment.
Mary Frances Berry was born on Feb. 17, 1938, in Nashville, Tenn., to Frances and George Ford Berry. She received a B.A. from Howard University in 1961 and an M.A. from Howard in 1962. Berry taught at Howard and the University of Michigan, where she received a Ph.D. in American constitutional history in 1966 and a law degree in 1970. Berry became the first African American woman to head a major university when she served as chancellor of the University of Colorado at Boulder from 1976 to 1977. She taught there until 1980. Berry was also the first black woman to serve as assistant secretary for education in the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, a job she held from 1977 to 1980. Berry served as vice-chairwoman of the civil rights commission under President Jimmy Carter and became the first woman to head the commission. In 1984 Ronald Reagan dismissed her, along with other critics of his administration, from the civil rights commission. She sued for her reinstatement, which finally was ordered by the Federal District Court. She was named by President Bill Clinton to head the commission in 1993.
Berry taught both American history and law at several universities, including Central Michigan University, Eastern Michigan University, the University of Maryland, and the University of Pennsylvania. She wrote many books and articles, including ‘Black Resistance/White Law: A History of Constitutional Racism in America' (1971), ‘Long Memory: The Black Experience in America' (1982), ‘The Politics of Parenthood: Child Care, Women's Rights, and the Myth of the Good Mother' (1993). ‘Black Resistance/White Law' concluded that high-level government officials implemented laws that undermined minorities. Berry published an expanded version of the book in 1994. ‘The Politics of Parenthood' put forth the thesis that if women were to be able to work, men must take on a larger share of the child-care burden.
In 1977 Berry received a Distinguished Alumni award from the University of Michigan. She won the NAACP Image Award in 1983, and in 1985 she received the President's Award from the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation. She was also awarded more than a dozen honorary doctoral degrees.
Copyright © 2002 Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.
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