By 1920, A. Philip Randolph and other black leaders, some of whom had supported Garvey after his arrival in the United States, came to believe that Garvey's program for black advancement was unsound, and that Garvey himself was a charlatan.
Who were the leaders of the Universal Negro Improvement Association, and what did the organization do? Learn more about the membership and the work of the U.N.I.A. in these photographs and advertisements.
Filmmaker Stanley Nelson interviewed several people who were members of the Universal Negro Improvement Association in Garvey's time. Read transcripts of their recollections of Garvey and his movement.
A. Philip Randolph was one of the most influential African American leaders of the twentieth century. Randolph worked as a labor organizer, a journalist, and a civil rights leader.
Amy Ashwood, feminist, playwright, lecturer, and pan-Africanist, was one of the founding members of the Universal Negro Improvement Association in Jamaica, and the first wife of Marcus Garvey.
Amy Jacques, editor, feminist, and race activist, was Marcus Garvey's second wife and his principal lieutenant during his incarceration in an Atlanta penitentiary from 1925 to 1927.
Foreman James Harvey Strobridge grudgingly agreed to hire 50 Chinese men as wagon-fillers. Their work ethic impressed him, and he hired more Chinese workers for more difficult tasks.
