DIRECTED BY
Michael Kirk
WRITTEN BY
Michael Kirk & Mike Wiser
PRODUCED BY
Michael Kirk
Mike Wiser
Vanessa Fica
Elliott Choi
REPORTED BY
Vanessa Fica
Brooke Nelson Alexander
EDITOR
Elliott Choi
PRODUCTION EXECUTIVE
Colette Neirouz Hanna
STORY EDITOR
Lauren Prestileo
DIRECTOR OF PHOTOGRAPHY
Ben McCoy
NARRATOR
Will Lyman
ASSISTANT DIRECTOR
Olivia DelVecchio
ASSOCIATE PRODUCER
Brooke Nelson Alexander
ASSISTANT EDITOR
O. Deborah Afolayan
RESEARCHER
Nora Zaim-Sassi
PRODUCTION COORDINATOR
Christina Lamagna
ORIGINAL MUSIC
John E. Low
ADDITIONAL CAMERA
Christopher Horne
David Randag
SOUND
Drew Levinson
Trevor Nordeen
STILL PHOTOGRAPHER
Meredith Nierman
ONLINE EDITOR/COLORIST
Jim Ferguson
SOUND MIX
Jim Sullivan
VOICEOVER
Erin Cole
Jeremiah Kissel
Mike McNally
LEGAL
Ken Fishkin
ARCHIVAL MATERIALS
95.5 WSB Radio – Atlanta
ABC News VideoSource
Adriana ZehbrauskasThe New York Times/Redux
Alex Berliner/BEI/Shutterstock
Art Rickerby/The LIFE Picture Collection/Shutterstock
Arthur Schatz/The LIFE Picture Collection/Shutterstock
Ash Ponders/The New York Times/Redux
Associated Press
Axiom Images
Bard College, Stevenson Library Archives & Special Collections
Benoit Tessier/Reuters/Redux
Brendan Gutenschwager
Brian Quigley/The LIFE Picture Collection/Shutterstock
Brian Snyder/Reuters/Redux
Burt Glinn/Magnum Photos
Calley Means
CBS News/Veritone
Centers For Disease Control and Prevention
Chris Buck
CNN
Constantine Manos/Magnum Photos
Copyright Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Courtesy of Special Collections and Archives, Georgia State University Library.
Courtesy Scripps News
Critical Past
Damon Winter/The New York Times/Redux
DeKalb County
Donated to the Denver Public Library by the Rocky Mountain News/Joe Mahoney
DVIDS
Ed Clark/The LIFE Picture Collection/Shutterstock
Eliza Cooney
Elizabeth Frantz/Reuters/Redux
Elizabeth Kuhner Archives
Eric Lee/The New York Times/Redux
Erich Hartmann/Magnum Photos
Evelyn Hockstein/Reuters/Redux
Everett/Shutterstock
FOX Archives/FOX News Channel
From The Philadelphia Inquirer. © 1999 Philadelphia Inquirer, LLC. All rights reserved. Used under license.
Gage Skidmore
Gavin de Becker
George Etheredge/The New York Times/Redux
George Silk/The LIFE Picture Collection/Shutterstock
Getty Images
Getty Images/NBC News Archives
Historic Films Archive
IdeaCity
Inside Edition footage courtesy of CBS Media Ventures
J. Kyle Keener/USA TODAY NETWORK via Imagn Images
Jack Gruber/USA TODAY via Imagn Images
Jacques Lowe photographs, camh-dob-039406, The Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, The University of Texas at Austin
Jason Schmidt/Trunk Archive
Jim Bourg/Redux
Joel Angel Juarez/Reuters/Redux
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library
John G Mabanglo/EPA-EFE/Shutterstock
Jordan Vonderhaar/The New York Times/Redux
Kaylee Greenlee/Reuters/Redux
Kevin Lamarque/Reuters/Redux
Kevin Mohatt/Reuters/Redux
KNXV
Kurt Andersen
Lo Scalzo Jim/Pool/ABACA/Shutterstock
Lynn and Louis Wolfson II Florida Moving Image Archives, Miami Dade College’s Wolfson Archives
Mark Abramson for NBC News
Mark Peterson/Redux
Melissa Golden/The New York Times/Redux
Michigan-based journalist Anna Liz Nichols
Mike Blake/Reuters/Redux
Nancy Kaszerman/ZUMAPRESS.com/Newscom
Paul Fusco/Magnum Photos
Periscope Film
Peter Tobia
Pfizer
Polaris Images
Producers Library
Rainer Hosch/Trunk Archive
Reelin’ In The Years Productions
Reuters
Reuters video
Rich Gigli/NorthJersey.com/USA TODAY NETWORK via Imagn Images
Rob Schumacher/The Arizona Republic/USA TODAY NETWORK via Imagn Images
Roger Kisby/Redux
Ryan Pfluger/AUGUST
Sam Hodgson/The New York Times/Redux
Shutterstock
Sophie Park/The New York Times/Redux
Special Collections Research Center Temple University, Charles Library
Stephen Voss/Redux
Suzanne Dechillo/The New York Times/Redux
Terrence Jennings/Redux
The CONUS Archive
Tony Lyons
University Archives, California State University, Fresno
VladTV
WCVB-TV Boston, All Rights Reserved
Will Oliver/EPA-EFE/Shutterstock
William Sauro/The New York Times/Redux
WSB-TV
ADDITIONAL MATERIALS
ABC
All-In Podcast
American Values 2024
Atlanta Police Department
AutismOne
Caroline Kennedy
CBS
Chicago Tribune
Children’s Health Defense
CNBC
CNN
Fort Worth Star
FOX
Joe Biden Campaign
Joe Rogan
John F. Kennedy
Jordan B. Peterson Podcast
Kerry Kennedy
Klagepaten
KQED
KTVU
Los Angeles Times
MSNBC
NBC
NBC News Now
New York Daily News
New York Magazine
New York Post
NewsNation
Outside Television, Inc.
PBS NewsHour
People Weekly
Robert F. Kennedy Jr. Campaign
Rolling Stone
RT
Salon
Shawn Ryan Show
South Idaho Press
St. Louis Dispatch
Steven Ellison
Tallahassee Democrat
The Albuquerque Tribune
The Belleville News-Democrat
The Forum
The Journal Times
The Megyn Kelly Show
The Millbrook School
The New York Times
The News
The News of Cumberland County
The Oshkosh Northwestern
The Pomfret School
The Star-Ledger
The Washington Post
TIME Magazine
Valuetainment
Vani Hari
WCNC
WFAA
WHAS11
WSB-TV
WTHR
ORIGINAL PRODUCTION FUNDING PROVIDED BY
Corporation for Public Broadcasting, Abrams Foundation, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Park Foundation, Heising-Simons Foundation, FRONTLINE Journalism Fund with major support from Jon and Jo Ann Hagler through the Jon L. Hagler Foundation, additional support from Koo & Patricia Yuen. Additional support for this program from the Jonathan Logan Family Foundation.
FOR FRONTLINE
POST PRODUCTION MANAGER
Tim Meagher
SENIOR EDITOR
Barry Clegg
EDITOR
Brenna Verre
EDITORS
Christine Giordano
Joey Mullin
PRODUCTION ASSISTANT
Hinako Barnes
ASSISTANT EDITORS
Thomas Crosby
Julia McCarthy
FOR GBH OUTPOST
SENIOR POST PRODUCTION MANAGER
Beth Godlin Lillis
SENIOR DIRECTOR OF PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Tim Mangini
INTERNS
Tom Brown
Nicholas Doyle
SERIES MUSIC
Mason Daring
Martin Brody
EXECUTIVE ASSISTANT
Ellen O’Neill
DIRECTOR OF IMPACT AND EXTERNAL RELATIONS
Erika Howard
SENIOR DIGITAL WRITER
Patrice Taddonio
PUBLICITY & AUDIENCE ENGAGEMENT COORDINATOR
Julia Heffernan
ASSISTANT DIGITAL EDITOR
Ambika Kandasamy
ASSOCIATE DIGITAL EDITOR
Mackenzie Wright
DIGITAL PRODUCER / EDITOR
Tessa Maguire
DIRECTOR OF MARKETING & COMMUNICATIONS
Anne Husted
ARCHIVES & RIGHTS MANAGER
John Campopiano
SENIOR BUSINESS ASSOCIATE
Sean Gigliotti
FOR GBH LEGAL
Eric Brass
Suzy Carrington
Jay Fialkov
SENIOR CONTRACTS MANAGER
Gianna DeGiulio
SENIOR BUSINESS MANAGER
Sue Tufts
BUSINESS DIRECTOR
Mary Sullivan
SENIOR DEVELOPER
Anthony DeLorenzo
LEAD, DIGITAL DESIGN & INTERACTIVE
Dan Nolan
FRONTLINE/COLUMBIA JOURNALISM SCHOOL FELLOWSHIP
TOW JOURNALISM FELLOW
Jala Everett
FRONTLINE/NEWMARK JOURNALISM SCHOOL AT CUNY FELLOWSHIP
TOW JOURNALISM FELLOW
Sunny Nagpaul
FRONTLINE/MISSOURI SCHOOL OF JOURNALISM FELLOWSHIP
MURRAY JOURNALISM FELLOW
Skye Lucas
PBS CREATIVE VOICES FELLOWSHIP
DIGITAL PRODUCER
Tasnia Choudhury
ARCHIVAL PRODUCER
Coral C. Salomón Bartolomei
SENIOR DIGITAL PRODUCER / EDITOR
Miles Alvord
SENIOR DOCUMENTARY EDITOR & PRODUCER
Michelle Mizner
DIGITAL EDITOR
Priyanka Boghani
STORY EDITOR & COORDINATING PRODUCER
Katherine Griwert
POST COORDINATING PRODUCER
Robin Parmelee
SENIOR EDITOR AT LARGE
Louis Wiley Jr.
FOUNDER
David Fanning
SPECIAL COUNSEL
Dale Cohen
SENIOR PRODUCERS
Dan Edge
Frank Koughan
SENIOR EDITOR & DIRECTOR,
LOCAL JOURNALISM
Erin Texeira
SENIOR EDITOR,
INVESTIGATIONS
Lauren Ezell Kinlaw
MANAGING DIRECTOR
Brian Eule
MANAGING EDITOR
Andrew Metz
EXECUTIVE PRODUCER & EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
Raney Aronson-Rath
A FRONTLINE production with Kirk Documentary Group
© 2025 WGBH Educational Foundation
All Rights Reserved
FRONTLINE is a production of GBH, which is solely responsible for its content.
