FILMED AND DIRECTED BY
James Bluemel
EDITORS
Jo Elliott
Simon Sykes
Sunshine Jackson
Nick Fenton
DIRECTOR/PRODUCERS
Paul Glynn
Jack MacInnes
Robin Barnwell
PRODUCERS
Jane Merkin
Itab Azzam
Brigitte Scheffer
Rebecca Stewart
SENIOR PRODUCER
Dan Edge
NARRATOR
Will Lyman
ASSISTANT PRODUCERS
Daisy Squires
Gus Palmer
Andrew Slater
Alex Hudson
FIXERS
Boubacar Mazou Abdel-Kadar – Niger
Samba Mbalo – Senegal
Khushhal Taib – Afghanistan
HEAD OF PRODUCTION
Maddy Allen
PRODUCTION MANAGER
Trevor Lopez De Vergara
PRODUCTION COORDINATORS
Lauren Kelly
Louise Vitols
PRODUCTION TEAM
Jonathan Shaw
Charlie Critchley
Katie MacInnes
Arthur Sharples
PRODUCTION ACCOUNTANT
Phil Hastings
ADDITIONAL PHOTOGRAPHY
Johann Perry
Hassan Akkad
COMPOSER
Simon Russell
GRAPHICS
Compost Creative
COLORISTS
Vicki Matich
Paul Fallon
Jim Ferguson
ONLINE EDITORS
Luke Carter
Laura Hewtt
SOUND MIX
Matt Skelton
Jim Sullivan
ACADEMIC ADVISORS
Dr. Vicky Canning
Dr. Umut Erel
Prof. Marie Gillespie
THANKS
Aleppo Media Centre
International Organization for Migration
Medecins Sans Frontieres
Syrian Civil Defense
ARCHIVAL SOURCES
BBC Motion Gallery/Getty Images
ITN Source
Reuters
Associated Press
EXECUTIVE PRODUCERS FOR KEO FILMS
Will Anderson
Andrew Palmer
Original funding for this program was provided by Public Television stations, Corporation for Public Broadcasting, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Park Foundation, John and Helen Glessner Family Trust, Wyncote Foundation, FRONTLINE Journalism Fund with major support from Jon and Jo Ann Hagler.
FOR FRONTLINE
PRODUCTION MANAGER
Megan McGough Christian
ON-AIR PROMOTION PRODUCER
Missy Frederick
ON-AIR PROMOTION EDITOR
Barry Clegg
ASSISTANT EDITOR
Lindsey Rundell Denault
POST PRODUCTION ASSISTANTS
Miles Alvord
Kenzie Audette
Brenna Verre
FOR WGBH OUTPOST
DIRECTOR OF POST PRODUCTION
Chris Fournelle
SENIOR DIRECTOR PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Tim Mangini
SERIES MUSIC
Mason Daring
Martin Brody
SENIOR DIRECTOR OF AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT
Pamela Johnston
ASSISTANT DIRECTOR OF AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT
Patrice Taddonio
AUDIENCE ENGAGEMENT EDITOR
Katherine Griwert
AUDIENCE ENGAGEMENT SPECIALIST
Anne Husted
EDITORIAL ASSISTANT
Emma Joslyn
ASSOCIATE PRODUCER, AUDIO
Sophie McKibben
SERIES ASSOCIATE PRODUCER
Amy Gaines
RECORDS MANAGER
John Campopiano
EDITORIAL RESEARCH MANAGER
Lisa Palone
LEGAL
Eric Brass
Jay Fialkov
Janice Flood
SENIOR CONTRACTS MANAGER
Gianna DeGiulio
BUSINESS MANAGER
Sue Tufts
DIRECTOR OF BUSINESS
Tobee Phipps
KNIGHT-MOZILLA FELLOW
Nicky Case
DEVELOPER
Ly Chheng
SENIOR DIGITAL DESIGNER
Dan Nolan
INTERACTIVE EDITOR
Chris Amico
FRONTLINE/COLUMBIA JOURNALISM SCHOOL FELLOWSHIPS
ABRAMS JOURNALISM FELLOW
Anjali Tsui
TOW JOURNALISM FELLOW
Katie Worth
DIGITAL REPORTER
Priyanka Boghani
DIGITAL VIDEO PRODUCER
Michelle Mizner
DIGITAL EDITOR
Jason Breslow
SENIOR DIGITAL REPORTER
Sarah Childress
POST COORDINATING PRODUCER
Robin Parmelee
DIRECTOR OF DIGITAL VIDEO
Carla Borras
SPECIAL COUNSEL
Dale Cohen
SENIOR EDITOR AT LARGE
Louis Wiley Jr.
SENIOR PRODUCERS
Dan Edge
Frank Koughan
MANAGING EDITOR
Andrew Metz
MANAGING DIRECTOR
Jim Bracciale
EXECUTIVE PRODUCER AT LARGE
David Fanning
EXECUTIVE PRODUCER
Raney Aronson-Rath
A Keo Films Ltd. production for WGBH/FRONTLINE and BBC
©2016
Keo Films Ltd. and WGBH Educational Foundation
All Rights Reserved
FRONTLINE is a production of WGBH/Boston, which is solely responsible for its content.