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Find the Planets
The dream of finding worlds beyond our solar system is now a
reality. In 1992,
Alex Wolszczan and Dale Frail announced the landmark discovery
of planets orbiting a distant pulsar. Three years later, Michel
Mayor and Didier Queloz ended the long quest to detect a planet
around a star like our own sun. The pace of discovery since then
has been astounding -- heralding nearly a dozen new alien worlds.
Now you can join the planet hunt by locating some of the brighter
stars with known planetary systems on a map of the sky. If
conditions are right, you might even spot the actual stars in the
night sky.
You Can't See Them -- But They're There
Even with the most advanced telescopes, astronomers cannot image
the planets beyond our solar system directly. They see evidence
for their existence in the wobble of stars pulled by their
gravity. The movement is so subtle that it's difficult to detect
visually. So, some astronomers look for periodic shifts in the
frequency of a star's light -- using a technique called Doppler
spectroscopy. Other scientists listen to distant pulsars for the
telltale sign of an irregular beat.
Follow The Stars
The planets themselves may be impossible to see, but you can
locate some of the stars at the heart of planetary systems.
Knowing star names can point you in the right direction, because
the name of a star often refers to its location within a
constellation. For instance, 51 Pegasi, the first sun-like star to
be found with an orbiting planet, lies in the constellation
Pegasus.
Whether or not a star can be spotted easily in the night sky
depends on its apparent brightness, or magnitude. Magnitude is
signified by a numerical value, and the dimmer the star, the
higher the number. The brightest star in the sky, Sirius, has a
magnitude of -1.5, while stars with magnitudes higher than about 4
are difficult or impossible to perceive with the naked eye.
The stars listed below are just at the border of visibility with
the naked eye. With our limited vision, we can locate their
approximate place in the sky, using constellations to guide the
way. But to clearly pinpoint these stars, you may need binoculars
or a small telescope.
This star, 78 light years away, lies on the border of the
constellation Virgo. In January of 1996, Geoff Marcy and Paul
Butler announced their discovery of a massive planet -- over six
times the size of Jupiter -- orbiting 70 Virginis. The planet's
surface temperature is estimated at 85 degrees Celsius, well
within the range for liquid water. But the massive planet is
likely a lifeless gas giant. If this alien world has moons, they
may be more hospitable to life.
See where Virgo lies on the Star Map.
Lying near the Big Dipper in the constellation Ursa Major, this
star may be the easiest for amateur sky watchers to locate.
Announced at the same time as 70 Virginis, its orbiting planet
is a third the size and, with a surface temperature of -80
degrees Celsius, considerably cooler. The planet lies roughly
twice as far from its parent star as the Earth does from the
sun.
See where Ursa Major lies on the
Star Map.
When Mayor and Queloz first described the planet they had
discovered around 51 Pegasi, many astronomers were stunned. It
raced around its parent star in a 4.2 day orbit -- putting it
500 times closer to its star than the Earth is to the sun. This
broiling world challenged previous notions of where a
Jupiter-sized planet would be found.
Pegasus, marked by its distinctive Great Square, is known as an
autumn constellation. See where Pegasus lies on the
Star Map.
Geoff Marcy and Paul Butler were among the scientists surprised
by 51 Pegasi. But in April of 1996, they found another massive
planet orbiting close to its sun. The planet around 55 Cancri
orbits every 14.76 days -- far more quickly than our own speedy
Mercury.
See where Cancer lies on the Star Map.
Photo (1) copyright © John Whatmough, JTW Inc; (3) copyright
© STScI/NASA. Visualization (2) produced by the Cornell
Theory Center based on research by Alex Wolszczan, Penn State. Sky
charts adapted from John Whatmough, JTW Inc.
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