DIRECTED BY
James Jacoby
WRITTEN & PRODUCED BY
Anya Bourg & James Jacoby
REPORTED BY
Anya Bourg
James Jacoby
CORRESPONDENT
James Jacoby
CO-PRODUCERS
Christina Avalos
Chris O’Coin
SENIOR PRODUCER
Frank Koughan
EDITOR
Chris O’Coin
DIRECTOR OF PHOTOGRAPHY
Jeremy Gould
EXECUTIVE IN CHARGE
Stuart Fero
LINE PRODUCER
Salomé Wouters
ADDITIONAL PHOTOGRAPHY
Matthew Lindahl
Naiche Chavira
Isaac Mathes
Anthony Smith
Zach Wood
CAMERA
Dan Kerrigan
Dennis Kramer
Michelle Mizner
SOUND
Andre Artis
Kent Pope
Eric Richardson
Spencer Smith
ADDITIONAL EDITING
Fritz Kramer
ASSOCIATE PRODUCERS
Jensine Joseph
Alexandra Garfinkle
PRODUCTION MANAGER
Emily Malley
PRODUCTION ASSISTANT
Liam Donnelly
ORIGINAL MUSIC
Steve Moore
ONLINE EDITOR/COLORIST
Jim Ferguson
SOUND MIX
Jim Sullivan
VP, POST PRODUCTION
Susan Naples
POST PRODUCTION SUPERVISOR
Danielle Pruden
RIGHTS & CLEARANCES SUPERVISOR
Rose Donnelly
RIGHTS & CLEARANCES COORDINATOR
Erica Sarmiento
LEAD ASSISTANT EDITOR
Stephen Cleary
ASSISTANT EDITORS
Stephen Bono
Robert Gonzales
Craig Williams
GRAPHICS
Lucas Rainey
ARCHIVAL CONSULTANT
Megan Robertson
ARCHIVAL MATERIALS
Alamy
AP Archive / Press Association
Courtesy CNN
CNBC LLC
Fox News Archives
Getty Images
Getty Images / BBC Motion Gallery
NBC News Archives via Getty Images
PBS NewsHour
Pond5
Screenocean/Reuters
Shutterstock
ADDITIONAL MATERIALS
ABC News
Airang TV
AlJazeera
Bloomberg
Brookings Institution
C-SPAN
Christian Broadcasting News
CBS News
CBS 8 San Diego
Cleveland.com
Fox Business
Global News Archives
HBO
KRON-TV
Keith Patrick Gill
{NBC News Now}
NPR
National Bureau of Economic Research
PIX11
Russell Investments
Senate Banking Housing and Urban Affairs Committee
The Atlantic
The Guardian
The Real Investment Show
The Washington Post
U.S. House Committee on Financial Services
Yahoo Finance
SPECIAL THANKS
Joanne Sandler & Ray Tekosky
Seanna Beck Markham and Jason Markham
Scott Minerd
Katka Petrikova and Matt Weingarten
Julia Lane and Benoit Garbe
FOR LEFT/RIGHT DOCS
PRODUCED BY
Kevin Vargas
CHIEF CONTENT OFFICER
Anneka Jones
EVP, POST PRODUCTION
Michael Mezaros
EXECUTIVE PRODUCERS
Ken Druckerman
Banks Tarver
ORIGINAL PRODUCTION FUNDING PROVIDED BY Corporation for Public Broadcasting, Abrams Foundation, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Park Foundation, Heising-Simons Foundation, FRONTLINE Journalism Fund with major support from Jon and Jo Ann Hagler through the Jon L. Hagler Foundation, additional support from Koo and Patricia Yuen. Additional support from Hollyhock Foundation, Chasing the Dream, a public media initiative from the WNET Group, reporting on poverty, justice, and economic opportunity in America. With major funding by The JPB Foundation and additional funding from Sue and Edgar Wachenheim III.
FOR FRONTLINE
DIRECTOR OF POST PRODUCTION
Megan McGough Christian
SENIOR EDITOR
Barry Clegg
EDITOR
Brenna Verre
EDITOR
Joey Mullin
ASSISTANT EDITORS
Christine Giordano
Tim Meagher
Peter Norton
PRODUCTION ASSISTANT
Stevie Jones
FOR GBH OUTPOST
SENIOR DIRECTOR OF PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Tim Mangini
INTERNS
Caroline Rangel Gomes
Jelina Liu
Tara Suter
SERIES MUSIC
Mason Daring
Martin Brody
EXECUTIVE ASSISTANT
Will Farrell
DIRECTOR OF IMPACT AND EXTERNAL RELATIONS
Erika Howard
SENIOR DIGITAL WRITER
Patrice Taddonio
PUBLICITY & AUDIENCE ENGAGEMENT COORDINATOR
Julia Heffernan
DIGITAL PRODUCER / EDITOR
Tessa Maguire
MANAGER, PUBLIC RELATIONS AND COMMUNICATIONS
Anne Husted
PODCAST PRODUCER
Emily Pisacreta
ARCHIVES & RIGHTS MANAGER
John Campopiano
BUSINESS ASSOCIATE
Sean Gigliotti
CONTRACTS CONSULTANT
Junshi Lu
FOR GBH LEGAL
Eric Brass
Suzy Carrington
Jay Fialkov
SENIOR CONTRACTS MANAGER
Gianna DeGiulio
BUSINESS MANAGER
Sue Tufts
BUSINESS DIRECTOR
Mary Sullivan
SENIOR DEVELOPER
Anthony DeLorenzo
LEAD DESIGNER FOR DIGITAL
Dan Nolan
FRONTLINE/COLUMBIA JOURNALISM SCHOOL FELLOWSHIPS
TOW JOURNALISM FELLOW
Chantelle Lee
ABRAMS JOURNALISM FELLOW
Julia Ingram
FRONTLINE/NEWMARK JOURNALISM SCHOOL AT CUNY FELLOWSHIP
TOW JOURNALISM FELLOW
James O’Donnell
FRONTLINE/FIRELIGHT INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALISM FELLOWS
Kevin Shaw
Débora Souza Silva
DIGITAL REPORTER
Bruce Gil
EDITORIAL CONSULTANTS
Lauren Prestileo
Callie T. Wiser
SENIOR DIGITAL PRODUCER / EDITOR
Miles Alvord
HOLLYHOCK FILMMAKERS IN RESIDENCE
Christina Avalos
Marcia Robiou
SENIOR DOCUMENTARY EDITOR & PRODUCER
Michelle Mizner
DIGITAL EDITOR
Priyanka Boghani
EDITORIAL COORDINATING PRODUCER
Katherine Griwert
POST COORDINATING PRODUCER
Robin Parmelee
SENIOR EDITOR AT LARGE
Louis Wiley Jr.
FOUNDER
David Fanning
SPECIAL COUNSEL
Dale Cohen
DIRECTOR OF AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT
Maria Diokno
SENIOR PRODUCERS
Dan Edge
Frank Koughan
SENIOR PRODUCER,
SPECIAL PROJECTS & INNOVATION
Carla Borrás
SENIOR EDITOR & DIRECTOR,
LOCAL JOURNALISM
Erin Texeira
SENIOR SERIES PRODUCER
Nina Chaudry
SENIOR EDITOR
INVESTIGATIONS
Lauren Ezell Kinlaw
MANAGING DIRECTOR
Janice Hui
MANAGING EDITOR
Andrew Metz
EXECUTIVE PRODUCER & EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
Raney Aronson-Rath
A FRONTLINE production with Left/Right Docs
© 2023 WGBH Educational Foundation
All Rights Reserved
FRONTLINE is a production of GBH which is solely responsible for its content.