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Portrait of Swiss-born designer, architect and urbanist Le Corbusier taken in 1947. Photo: Library of Congress |
Industrial Revolution
While nonprofits like Architecture for Humanity have taken humanitarian design into the Internet age, the roots of the humanitarian design movement go back at least to the tenant movements of the early 20th century. As people flocked to the cities during the Industrial Revolution, fresh challenges for housing emerged. There was unprecedented demand for cheap, safe housing, and architects took up the call. “We are dealing with an urgent problem of our epoch,” wrote Le Corbusier in Paris in 1923. “The balance of society comes down to a question of building.” Corbusier felt that without good architecture, revolution was the result. Between the world wars, a great wave of modern housing and urban design ensued, much of it involving early experiments with prefabrication and modular units that could be mass-produced.
In the 1920s, students at the renowned Bauhaus school in Germany capitalized on the technology of the machine age and elevated rational, functional design. These new buildings were completely different from the ornate -- some say elitist -- styles of the past.
Early American Influencers
In the United States, the eccentric genius R. Buckminster Fuller was on his own lifelong pursuit of the role of design in modern society: “Does humanity have a chance to survive lastingly and successfully on planet Earth?” he asked. “And if so, how?" During the 1930s and to the end of his life in 1983 at 87 years of age, Fuller was steadfast in his devotion to humanitarian causes, and Architecture for Humanity calls him “the first evangelist of humanitarian design.” He sought affordable and practical shelter designs for the masses, but is best known for inventing the geodesic dome. Fuller’s buildings worked with tension and suspension, rather than gravity, and became the basis of modern tent design – and by extension the basic framework for emergency shelter. His influence is visible today in refugee camps across the world. He was also remarkably progressive in using green-building technology for the time, incorporating composting toilets, water catchments and wind energy in his housing designs.
This year, for the first time in history, more people will live in cities than in the countryside. In the last 10 years, the average stay in a refugee camp has nearly doubled.
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This tower block in the town of Firminy in France, is an example of the "brutalist" style of architecture that became popular from the 1950s to the 1970s. The term is derived from the term "béton brut," which mean "raw concrete," in French. |
The Impact of World War II
The end of World War II brought another wave of humanitarian housing challenges and major changes to the built environment. After the war, tens of millions of people were displaced, and whole towns needed to be rebuilt. It was during this period that the NGO – or nongovernmental organization – became the standard vehicle for relief and recovery work. Sometimes NGOs hired architects, but increasingly, they did not. The 1950s and 1960s saw a building boom in the West, and mass-produced housing exploded across increasingly urban landscapes. It was also a time of urban renewal programs, and their sometimes controversial results. Slums were cleared, subdivisions built and the terms “white flight,” “tower blocks” and “suburbia” became part of the modern lexicon.
Self-Help Movement and Locally Sourced Building Materials
One architectural response to this mass urban development and increasingly homogenous design was the so-called self-help housing movement. Egyptian architect Hassan Fathy, who lived from 1900 to 1989, led the movement and declared that the “apostles of prefabrication and mass production” were naïve to the challenges of the world’s poor. Referring to the millions of people in his own country living in squalor, Fathy said, “There is no factory on earth that could produce houses these villagers can afford.”
Fathy devoted his life to housing the poor in developing nations, with the idea of owner-built housing at the core of his work. He studied ancient architectural and town design techniques and married them with contemporary economics and concern for public health. He borrowed the same dense mud brick walls and traditional courtyards of ancient buildings to provide passive cooling. Even though many of his grander social township designs were never realized, his legacy lives on in today’s humanitarian design movement, particularly his desire to use local materials, adapt organic forms and encourage true collaboration in the design and building process. Today, Habitat for Humanity embraces many of his ideals across the world.
Three billion people – or 50 percent of the world’s population – live in buildings constructed of earth, and Nader Khalili wanted to bring this age-old process into the technological age.
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Refugee camps in the Trans Caucasus. Photo: George Grantham Bain Collection, Library of Congress |
Building From the Earth
Iranian-born architect Nader Khalili carried on Fathy’s work with the traditional earthen adobe dwelling. He founded the California Institute of Earth Art and Architecture (Cal-Earth) in 1986 and is known for revolutionalizing earth building around the world. Three billion people – or 50 percent of the world’s population – live in buildings constructed of earth, and Khalili wanted to bring this age-old process into the technological age. He looked to nature for inspiration and natural structures such as beehives and seashells that minimize materials and maximize space. Khalili also focused on disaster relief, and he is famous for creating a sandbag-and-barbed-wire technology, named Superadobe. The simple emergency sandbag shelter relies on the local soil for construction and is easy and cheap to build.
Bringing It All Together
One of the biggest heroes of humanitarian architecture in the United States is Samuel Mockbee, who cleverly combined modern and vernacular aesthetics into his designs. He was also deeply committed to addressing social inequality in the south. “Everybody wants the same thing, rich or poor,” he said, “not only a warm, dry room, but a shelter for the soul.” Mockbee founded the Rural Studio in 1993, a design-build architecture studio run by Auburn University. The studio focuses on architectural education steeped in social responsibility and community involvement, and the group has built dozens of homes for poor communities in rural Alabama. The Lucy House, one of its more famous designs, used recycled carpet tiles to construct walls.
A new wave of socially driven architects has emerged from this long tradition of design. Architecture for Humanity is at the center of this new network, using its online open source library of designs to encourage collaborations and make sustainable design more accessible and affordable. Hundreds of designers from all over the world are tackling temporary and long-term housing issues in their own communities – some of them are humble and practical, others are radical and spectacular.
This year, for the first time in history, more people will live in cities than in the countryside. In the last 10 years, the average stay in a refugee camp has nearly doubled. One in seven people live in a slum, and millions lack access to adequate water and sanitation. The need for thoughtful and accessible design solutions to humanitarian crises has never been greater.
Sources: Design Like You Give a Damn (published by Architecture for Humanity/Metropolis Books), The New York Times.
