>>> GOOD EVENING, AND WELCOME TO "ARIZONA HORIZON."

I'M TED SIMONS.

A POWER OUTAGE IN TERMINAL 4 AT SKY HARBOR THIS MORNING, MADE FOR DOZENS OF FLIGHT DELAYS AND CANCELLATIONS.

POWER WAS RESTORED, BUT THE SIX-HOUR OUTAGE IS EXPECTED TO CONTINUE TO EFFECT TRAVEL ON INTO THE EVENING.

THE AIRPORT OUTAGE WAS REPORTEDLY CAUSED BY SCHEDULED APS MAINTENANCE.

>>> PFIZER TODAY ANNOUNCED THAT IT WILL SEEK FDA EMERGENCY AUTHORIZATION FOR ITS BOOSTER SHOT FOR THOSE 18 AND OLDER.

THE NEW REQUEST COULD EXMEND THE EMERGENCY AUTHORIZATION TO ANY DATE.

PFIZER HAS YET TO INDICATE IF IT WOULD SEEK BOOSTER AUTHORIZATION FOR THOSE 18 AND YOUNGER.

>>> THE NEW NUMBER OF COVID CASES WAS LOWER THAN THE 7-DAY AVERAGE.

AND THE DEATH RATE IS 17TH HIGHEST IN THE COUNTRY.

>>> OTHER NEWS, U.S.

BORDERS TODAY REOPENED FOR FULLY VACCINATED TRAVELERS FROM 33 COUNTRIES.

THE NEW RULES ALLOW ENTRY FOR THOSE THAT CAN SHOW PROOF OF VACCINATION AND A NEGATIVE COVID-19 TEST.

IT IS HOPING THIS WILL HELP REUNITE FAMILIES AND LOVED ONES, AND GIVE A SIGNIFICANT BOOST FOR THE TRAVEL INDUSTRY.

>>> AND 52% OF AMERICANS DISAPPROVE OF THE WAY THE PRESIDENT IS DOING HIS JOB.

THE POLL WAS CONDUCTED LAST WEEK, BEFORE THE INFRASTRUCTURE BILL WAS PASSED.

>>> COVID-19 VACCINE FOR CHILDREN AGE 5 TO 11 RECENTLY OPENED UP, AND THAT OPENED UP A VARIETY OF QUESTIONS THAT PARENTS HAVE ABOUT GETTING THEIR KIDS VACCINATED.

WE SPOKE TO LOCAL PEDIATRICIAN DR. GARY KIRKILAS FOR MORE.

DR. GARY KIRKILAS THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR JOINING US.

VACCINES FOR FIVE TO 11 YEAR OLE OLDS.

HOW BIG OF A DEAL IS THIS?

>> IT'S A REALLY BIG DEAL.

FROM 5 TO 11, THAT'S THE BEGINNING OF DAY WHEN CHILDREN START GOING TO KINDERGARTEN.

AND WE HAVE A LOT OF KIDS SPENDING A LOT OF TIME IN CLOSE PROM -- PROXIMITY IN DOORS, AND THIS IS GREAT NEWS.

IT IS SHOWING 91% EFFECTIVE IN PRESENTING THE DISEASE.

AND I ANTICIPATE THAT THE RESULTS WILL BE MIMICKED AROUND THE COUNTRY.

>> AS FAR AS GETTING VACCINATED, WHERE SHOULD KIDS GET THE SHOTS?

AND HOW SHOULD THEY GET THEM?

PHARMACY, DOCTORS, PEDIATRICIANS, WHERE SHOULD THEY GO?

>> ANYWHERE WHERE IT IS AVAILABLE.

KIDS DO BETTER GETTING THEIR VACCINE FROM THEIR PEDIATRICIAN.

I THINK PEDIATRICIANS TEND TO KNOW OUR PATIENTS BETTER, IF THAT IS NOT AVAILABLE, A PHARMACY IS ACCEPTABLE, AND FOR THE ADULTS, THERE WAS A GREAT WAY TO GET LOTS OF VACCINES IN ARMS, BUT I THINK KIDS ARE DIFFERENT.

>> TALK MORE ABOUT THAT APPROACH.

HOW SHOULD PARENTS HANDLE THIS WHEN IT IS TIME TO GET THE SHOT.

>> THAT'S A GREAT QUESTION.

I THINK IT'S A REALLY IMPORTANT MESSAGE FOR PARENTS TO HAVE THE DISCUSSION WITH YOUR CHILD, TO SAY, WE GET IMMUNIZATIONS, OR VITAMINS, OR THING DIFFERENT THINGS, TO KEEP US HEALTHY.

SO I THINK IT'S REALLY IMPORTANT IF YOU ARE A PARENT TO HAVE THAT DISCUSSION THAT THE VACCINE IS SAFE AND EFFECTIVE.

>> AS FAR AS SIDE EFFECTS ARE CONCERNS, I KNOW IT IS A THIRD OF A DOSE FOR ADULTS.

HOW DO KIDS PREPARE FOR SIDE EFFECTS.

>> THAT'S A GREAT POINT.

THE MOST COMMON SIDE EFFECTS ARE FATIGUE AND HEADACHES, SO YOU CAN SAY TO YOUR CHILD, THAT THAT IS SHOWING THEIR OUR BODIES ARE PREPARING TO HELP OUR IMMUNE SYSTEM, AND SOMETIMES THAT MEANS A HEADACHE OR FATIGUE.

AND THAT'S OKAY.

>> APPARENTLY YOUR KIDS GOT COVID, AND BROUGHT IT HOME FROM SCHOOL?

>> YES, I HAVE FOUR CHILDREN, AND ALL FOUR OF THEM GOT COVID WITHIN A WEEK OF EACH OTHER.

SO UNFORTUNATELY WE WERE RUNNING OUR OWN COVID UNIT IN OUR HOME.

>> BUT YOU AND MOM AND VACCINATED?

>> YES.

AND THEY ARE YOUNG KIDS, AND COUGHING EVERYWHERE, AND WE GOT TESTED AND WE HAD NOTHING.

SO MY MESSAGE TO PARENTS IS I UNDERSTAND THERE CAN BE SOME HESITATION, BUT AS A PARENT, THERE IS NO BETTER WAY TO BE ABLE TO CARE FOR YOUR CHILD.

I'M SO THANKFUL THAT I WAS ABLE TO CARE FOR MY CHILDREN.

I DIDN'T GET HOSPITALIZED AT ALL.

>> SO FOR PARENTS THAT ARE STILL WORRIED ABOUT THIS, AND I HAVE SEEN SURVEYS THAT NEARLY A THIRD OF PARENTS ARE SAYING NO WAY.

WHAT DO YOU SAY SO THEM?

>> WE ARE SO BLESSED THAT WE DON'T HAVE CHILDREN IN HOSPITALS DUE TO THESE OTHER DISEASES THAT WE ARE VACCINATED AGAINST.

IT IS UNFORTUNATELY THAT WE WITH LIVING IN A PANDEMIC WHERE THIS IS THE LATEST DISEASE WE HAVE.

IF YOU ARE ON THE FENCE, HAVE AN HONEST CONVERSATION WITH YOUR PEDIATRICIAN.

>> GOOD INFORMATION.

LOCAL PEDIATRICIAN DR. GARY KIRKILAS, THANK YOU.

>> TAKE CARE.

>>> UP NEXT ON "ARIZONA HORIZON," HOW BEST TO RECOGNIZE AND AVOID CHARITY SCAMS.

>>> THE FBI IN PHOENIX IS WARNING THAT CHARITY SCAMS ARE ON THE RISE, AND ARE EXPECTED TO INCREASE EVEN FURTHER AS THE HOLIDAYS APPROACH.

WE LEARNED MORE FROM FBI"S JENNIFER SLINZ.

THANK YOU FOR JOINING US.

WE'RE TALKING CHARITY SCAMS, WHAT DOES THAT MEAN?

>> WELL, THANK YOU FOR HAVING ME.

WE WANTED TO WARN THE PUBLIC ABOUT CHARITY SCAMS.

AND THAT MEANS THE PERPETRATOR TAKES ADVANTAGE OF KINDNESS, AND TRY TO LINE THEIR OWN POCKETS.

WE SEE AN INCREASE IN THIS CHARITY FRAUD DURING THE HOLIDAY SEASON.

>> DO THEY USE, CELL PHONES, TEXTS, EMAILS, HOW DO THEY DO THIS?

>> THEY CAN DO IT A NUMBER OF WAYS.

SENDING SPOOFED EMAILS, REACH OUT ON TEXT MESSAGES OR PHONE CALLS, AND ONLINE SCENES ARE THE BIGGEST ONES WE SEE.

>> AND IT TAKES MONEY AWAY FROM LEGITIMATE CHARITIES.

>> THAT'S RIGHT.

SO DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH.

THE FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION HAS A WAY TO CHECK CHARITIES.

>> YEAH, AND SOME OF THESE CHARITIES HAVE NAMES THAT ARE VERY SIMILAR TO CHARITIES THAT ARE KNOWN AND TRUSTED.

HOW DO YOU KNOW YOU ARE DOING THE RIGHT THING?

>> WELL, IF YOU EXPAND EMAIL HEADERS, YOU CAN SEE THE EMAIL ADDRESS IS A FAKE NAME.

AND ANOTHER THING TOO, IF YOU ARE LOOKING AT WEBSITES, MOST LEGITIMATE CHARITIES WILL USE THE EXTENSION AT THE END DOT-ORG, NOT DOT-COM.

>> YES.

AND ANY OTHER THINGS LOOK OUT FOR.

>> SURE.

IF PEOPLE ARE ASKING YOU TO DONATE WITH A WIRE TRANSFER, OR GIFT CARD OR CASH, THOSE ARE CONCERNS.

MOST LEGITIMATE ORGANIZATIONS WILL ASK FOR A CHECK OR CREDIT CARD.

>> INTERESTING.

AND YOU RECOMMEND, DON'T LET ANYONE RUSH YOU INTO DONATING.

IS THAT HIGH-PRESSURE SALES?

>> ABSOLUTELY.

YOU NEVER WANT TO BE PRESSURED TO GIVE TO SOMEONE.

FOLLOW THE SAME STEPS WE ARE TELLING YOU.

>> AND AGAIN, ORG, AS OPPOSED TO DOT-COM.

YOU THINK YOU HAVE DONE EVERYTHING OKAY.

BUT WHAT DO YOU DO IF YOU FEEL LIKE YOU ARE A VICTIM?

>> WELL, IF YOU FEEL LIKE YOU ARE VICTIM REPORT IT TO US.

YOU CAN GO TO THE FBI'S INTERNET CRIME REPORT CENTER OR CALL THE FBI PHOENIX DIVISION.

>> AND YOU CAN GO TO THAT FGC THING YOU MENTIONED AS WELL, TRUE?

>> YES.

>>> ARE THESE GETTING MORE COMPLEX?

SOME OF THIS STUFF SEEMS LIKE IT IS ALSO STRAIGHT OFF OF THE ROAD HERE.

HOW COMPLEX ARE THESE SCAMS?

>> THEY ARE GETTING MORE COMPLEX IN THE SENSE THAT WE ARE SEEING MORE BAD ACTORS FROM OVERSEAS.

SO IT BECOMES VERY HARD FOR US AT THE FBI TO TRACK IT AT TIMES.

WE DO OUR BEST, BUT THAT'S WHY WE'RE TRYING TO LET PEOPLE KNOW ABOUT THE RED FLAGS AND WHAT THIGH CAN GO AHEAD OF TIME.

ESPECIALLY ELDERLY PEOPLE ARE BEING TARGETED.

WITH THE CHARITY SCAMS, IT -- ANYBODY WHO HAS A PHONE OR EMAIL ACCOUNT OR SOCIAL MEDIA CAN BE A TARGET, BUT THE OLDER POPULATIONS TEND TO BE MORE GIVING AND TRUSTING.

A FEW STATISTICS, FROM THE FBI, AS I MENTIONED, YOU CAN REPORT IT TO THE REPORTING CENTER, AND THIS TYPE OF CRIME, IN 2018, NATIONALLY, VICTIMS REPORTED ABOUT A MILLION DOLLARS IN LOSS, AND LAST YEAR, DURING 2020, DURING THE PANDEMIC, WE SAW NEARLY $4.5 MILLION DUE TO SCAMS.

>> OKAY.

JENNIFER SLINZ, THANK YOU FOR JOINING US.

>> THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR HAVING ME.

>> THANK YOU.

♪ >>> A NEW BOOK TITLED "THE BEHAVIORAL CODE" LOOKS AT USING BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE TO FIND THE ROOT CAUSES AND HID ENFORCES THAT DRIVE GOOD AND BAD HE HAIF YOUR, AND HOW BEST TO USE THAT INFORMATION TO CREATE MORE EFFECTIVE LAWS.

THE BOOK CO-WRITTEN BY ADAM FINE, AN ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT A,SUSHGZ'S SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY JOINS US.

WELCOME.

ADAM.

TELL US ABOUT YOUR BOOK.

>> IN OUR BOOK WE REVEAL HID ENFORCES THAT DRIVE HATE.

>> SO EXAMPLES OF LAWS NOW THAT RADICALLY CHANGE BEHAVIOR, AND A COUPLE OF EXAMPLES IN THE BOOK, A CALIFORNIA TOWN, AND PETRIFIED FORREST, THOSE KIND OF THINGS.

GIVE US SOME EXAMPLES.

>> SURE.

WE TALK ABOUT MOTORCYCLES TO PUBLIC URINATION, SO VANDALIZATION, ET CETERA.

WE USE THE PETRIFIED FOREST AS AN EXAMPLE.

THE PARK OFFICIALS TRIED TO WARD OFF STEALING OF THE PIECES OF WOOD, THESE AUTHORITY OF LIKE REPENTANCE TYPE OF SIGNS.

SO THEY FOUND AFTER THAT, THEY ACTUALLY ENDED UP INCREASING THE AMOUNT OF WOOD THAT WAS STOLEN, SO THEY WORKED WITH SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGISTS, SO FIGURE OUT WAYS TO TALK TO THE PARK GOERS.

AND IT SHOWS A FUNDAMENTALLY DIFFERENT WAY OF IMPROVING BEHAVIOR.

>> SO WHAT WERE SUBTLE DIFFERENCES?

>> WELL, WHAT THEY REALIZED, BY TELLING PEOPLE HOW MUCH WAS STOLEN, THEY WERE TELLING HOW MUCH WAS STOLEN.

SO PARK GOERS, SAID, OH, WELL, I MIGHT AS WELL TAKE SOME TOO.

AND THEY FOUND WHEN THEY CHANGED IT FROM THREE OR FOUR PEOPLE ON SIGN WHO WAS STEALING IT, AND MOVED IT DOWN TO A LONE WOLF, LESS PEOPLE WERE STEALING.

>> AND RULES THAT HAVEN'T WORKED AND CONTINUE NOT TO WORK.

>> WE TRIED TO TAKE FOLKS ON A JOURNEY TO DIFFERENT NATIONS.

TAKE GERMANY AND THE NETHERLANDS.

PEOPLE WERE STEALING MOTORCYCLES, AND IT WAS A HUGE ISSUE, AND THEY TRIED TO INCREASE FINES, AND WHAT ENDED UP WORKING WAS CHANGING THE REQUIREMENTS.

SO WHEN THEY STARTED REQUIRING MOTORCYCLE RIDERS TO WEAR HELMETS, THEY REDUCED THEFT.

AND THE REASON WAS IN THE PAST, PEOPLE COULD JUST STEAL A MOTORCYCLE, BUT WITHIN THAT, PEOPLE COULD -- WOULD HAVE TO WALK AROUND WITH A HELMET IN ORDER TO RIDE A MOTORCYCLE.

LAWYERS, WHO WE TRUST TO DESIGN AND IMPLEMENT LAWS, BASICALLY ARE ONLY TAUGHT HOW TO PUNISH.

SO WHAT WE TRY TO DO IS EXPLAIN HOW PUNISHMENT CAN WORK ALONGSIDE OTHER TYPES OF FORCES THAT CAN CHANGE HUMAN BEHAVIOR.

>> DOES THIS WORK WITH MORE COMPLEX ISSUES LIKE CORPORATE MALFEASANCE OR EVEN POLICING ISSUES?

>> WE ABSOLUTELY NEED PUNISHMENT, BUT WE HAVE MORE EFFECTIVE WAYS OF CHANGING BEHAVIOR.

SO IF YOU WANT TO CHANGE A CERTAIN TYPE OF MISBEHAVIOR, HERE ARE THE STEPS YOU SHOULD TAKE.

>> IT SOUNDS LIKE CHANGING BEHAVIOR, IN THE SAME WAY THAT MEDICINE CHANGED SCIENCE.

>> ABSOLUTELY.

>> SO WHAT DO YOU WANT US TO TAKE AWAY FROM READING YOUR BOOK?

>> WE NEED TO MOVE BEYOND JUST PUNISHMENT ALONE.

OUR GOAL IS TO GIVE YOU THE TOOLS YOU NEED TO ENSURE OUR LAWS AND RULES ACTUALLY WORK.

>> WHAT KIND OF REACTION HAVE YOU HAD FROM THE BOOKS.

>> OUR LAWYERS ARE PEOPLE WHO ARE INTERESTED IN UNDERSTANDING THE EVERY DAY BEHAVIOR AROUND THEM, AND THIS CAN APPLY TO THE LAW AROUND THEM.

>> GOOD STUFF.

THANK YOU FOR JOINING US.

WE APPRECIATED IT.

>> THANK YOU SO MUCH.

>>> AND THAT IS IT FOR NOW.

I'M TED SIMONS.

THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR JOINING US.

YOU HAVE A GREAT EVENING.

♪ >>> COMING UP IN THE NEXT HALF HOUR ON ARIZONA PBS, ON CRONKITE NEWS, A NON-PROFIT WORKS TO HELP WILD HORSE STRUGGLING THROUGH THE DROUGHT.