(Ambient noise, waves crashing, instrumental music) Narrator Today on the Spectrum Hawaiʻi, we visit some of Hawaiʻi's small presses and look at books being printed the old fashioned way.

Next, we find out why eight English church bells now ring out from the tower of St. Andrew's Cathedral.

But first, a look at a group whose members have influenced Island history and commerce since 1810.

Narrator (Bagpipes) Harry Murray/Drum Major, Honolulu Pipes & Drums Those who have Scottish heritage, have a special feeling when they hear bagpipes.

There's a stirring.

Back in 1907, my grandfather came here with the sugar business from Scotland is born and raised in Aberdeen.

And he met a Hawaiian maiden in Hana, Maui.

They have many Hawaiian people who are part Scottish in the history of the plantations.

Bruce McEwan/Chieftan, Caledonian Society During the monarchy, of course, Scots became advisors to the kings and to the queen.

And the role of the Scot as being a person who was well organized, understands major issues readily, I think, makes the Scot a good advisor - is able to be objective and cut through a lot of emotional problems that often arise.

Narrator Not only were they advisors, but husbands and fathers of Hawaiians, some of them prominent.

The Princess Kaʻiulani was half Scottish, her father, Governor Archibald Scott Clegghorn was born in Edinburgh.

Another well known Scot at the Hawaiian court was the writer Robert Louis Stevenson.

Other Scottish immigrants came with names like Campbell, Andersen, Neil and McIntyre, to make their mark on Hawaiian history and commerce.

But many of them came to work on the plantations, especially on the island of Hawaiʻi, where the Hāmākua coast was soon nicknamed the Scotch Coast.

They came from towns like Ayrshire and Kitty Muir because of their skills and hardworking attitude, they were often recruited as plantation managers.

Nancy Oakley Hedemann A great number of the Scots had come from the eastern area of Scotland above Edinburgh, and they had background in raising crops and livestock and handling horses and mules so they were perfect for working in the sugar plantations.

And they were quick, they could catch on fast and they were ambitious.

Alex Pratt There were engineers, bookkeepers, blacksmiths, carpenters, even and of course, agricultural.

So if they have a trade, they were flexible, they could move about.

Some of them moved about from plantation to plantation.

Narrator Yeah, Nancy Hedemann and Alex Pratt worked together as part of a larger team on an oral history project that traced the history of Scots in Hawaiʻi.

The project was sponsored by the Caledonian Society of Hawaii, a group that was formed in 1965.

Bruce McEwan/Chieftan, Caledonian Society The Society was formed primarily to create an environment where people have Scottish ancestry or Scottish born people who immigrated to Hawaiʻi could come together and share learn about the common culture and traditions of Scotland.

Narrator One of the most visible traditions in the Scottish culture is the art of bagpiping.

The sound of the bagpipes immediately conjures images of fluttering tartan kilts and craggy green hills.

Honolulu is fortunate to have two Highland pipe and drum corps, the Honolulu Pipes and Drums and the Honolulu Police Pipe Band.

Lawrence Coleman is the pipe major for the Honolulu Police Pipe Band and a bagpipe instructor.

Lawrence Coleman Anyone that comes to me and says, "Can you teach me to play a bagpipe?"

There's one very important question that has to be answered.

And that is, do you feel you have a burning desire to play a bagpipe?

You'll see it goes beyond the desire.

It has to be a burning desire.

Narrator It takes years to master the complicated fingering and breath control essential to bagpipers.

The art requires memory, discipline, and coordination.

During competition and performances, pipers often have to march information and perform without cheap music.

One champion piper was Agnes Wallace Hendrix.

During her time, her performing was sometimes frowned upon because she was a woman.

But she continued to tour professionally and to pass on her knowledge to students.

One of her students is a noted local theatre director and Kabuki actor who discovered a part of his background that did not fit with his Japanese surname - Furumoto.

David Furumoto Well, that doesn't sound really Scottish.

It's an interesting fact that I wasn't aware of the Scottish part of the background until after I'd taken up the pipes.

Because it got to the point where we're at when Aggie said, "Well, I think it's time that you think about buying yourself a kilt."

So you have to pick a tartan of course, what clan you're going to be.

So I was rummaging through through that sort of thing that I found out that on my mom's side that you know, we are Ferguson clan.

Narrator David studied with Aggie Wallace for 10 years, as pipe major for the Honolulu Pipes and Drums he carries on her tradition.

David Furumoto The feeling that I get when my pipes are going real well, and I'm playing real well is that I'm on some high pinnacle someplace and this feeling or sense of the generations of pipers that have gone before you that stretch back into time, it's that sense of carrying on some great and loved tradition.

Narrator Another well loved tradition is Scottish dancing.

The Hawaiʻi chapter of the Royal Scottish Country Dance Society is headed by Mary and David Brandon.

Born in Scotland, Mary carries on the tradition of five generations of Scottish country dance instructors.

Mary Brandon Scottish country dancing and Highland dancing are very, very different because the one is social, the other is competitive and for performance.

And with the recreational dancing, it's a much more relaxed, easy atmosphere.

It's the, it's the atmosphere of the ballroom.

The beginning of Highland dancing was where it was used as a training ground to help people prepare for war, Highland dancing competitions, of course, like all other Scottish competitions, are taking place all over the world.

Narrator Preserving traditions in order to pass them on is an important aspect of the various Scottish organizations in Hawaiʻi.

But traditions in music and dance do not provide the whole picture of the culture.

Each year, the society presents a Scot of the year, citizens of Scottish ancestry who work in diverse fields are honored for their excellence and contributions.

The Highland gathering and games is a yearly event sponsored by the Hawaiian Scottish Association.

Island Scots, and people interested in Scottish culture, gathered to participate in games such as the caber toss, and to share stories.

Mostly, they come together to enjoy a culture whose members continue to make lasting contributions to Hawaiian politics, business, and agriculture.

Narrator (Bagpipe music) Narrator There are millions of books to choose from in every category thinkable, yet every day people create another book as a commercial venture, an addition to knowledge, or as a form of self expression.

Books can be one of a kind, one of a limited edition, with words or without words, and with or without illustrations.

Narrator In his Mānoa home, Jim Rumford publishes on a small press he believes was once used to print Japanese newspapers.

Jim Rumford I make books here from the start to the finish, that means I make the paper, I set the pages in type and I print the pages and then I bind the books.

I do the whole thing from, from scratch.

Most of the books that I do here are involved or deal with Chinese paper making.

And I translate from the Chinese text and put that in English.

And then I set, I make the books up from there.

I haven't made very many of those kinds of books because it takes so long to make any one book.

And the number of books I make are between 10 and 30.

So to make a book could cost you as little as $20, $30.

But in time, it might take you three or four years before you get it finished.

Narrator Rumford is one of those people who does not care if his books hit the bestseller list.

These people support small presses in Hawaiʻi.

Jim Rumford The way in which the books are made means that you cannot make very many books.

And of any one edition, the edition is limited.

So in that sense, to me, it makes a small, a small press.

Also, the subject matter of these books makes it necessarily a limited edition, you're not going to have hundreds of thousands of people knocking down the doors to get a book on Chinese papermaking in the Song Dynasty, or some Hawaiian proverb.

It's not fast.

It's not immediate, the results are not immediate.

When you get used to working with computer and you see that you can type something in and then correct it immediately, or you don't like the size of the page, you can change it immediately.

With type you cannot.

You look at it, and you've made a mistake.

You put it down, you go back into the house, and you go and rest for a while because it's too frustrating to pull it all apart.

And then when you're feeling calm again, you go out and then correct the mistakes.

And even if after you're done and the pages are printed, you might say I wish I had made the pages smaller.

Too late then and you just say next.

Narrator Barbara Pope is probably the most well known book designer in the state.

She says small presses have their reason for existence.

Barbara Pope/Book designer Small presses have traditionally continued to publish poetry when larger publishers have shied away from that and other kinds of things, particular editions of Shakespeare or contemporary writers who are risky to the large trade publishers, those will be taken up by small presses and published in limited editions.

Sometimes when they're successful, then they're taken on by larger publishers.

Narrator At the Mission Houses Museum in Downtown Honolulu, Jim Rumford also shows tourists and students how the missionaries used a small press from 1820 to 1850.

Jim Rumford I also print, down there, text in Hawaiian that the missionaries had printed.

Some of these mainly to show people, give people an idea of the kinds of things that the missionaries printed.

Some of the texts are religious, others are educational, and some have to do with the government.

Narrator Rumford even uses the same materials the missionaries used like old poi as glue for binding.

Jim Rumford I suppose I, one would say why don't use a Xerox machine or or put it into a computer and that's a possibility.

Why not?

But it's nice to do it this old fashioned way.

Because when you see the books finished, printed and handmade on handmade paper and type in, pressed into the paper and binding like it was in the 19th century.

It gives you an another dimension, another aspect to that work.

Narrator Another supporter of small presses is Maile Meyer, who through her Native Books company, sells difficult to find Hawaiiana titles.

Maile Meyer/Native Books I deal with books, not the usual books that you can get in a bookstore.

I deal with books that usually don't make it to bookstores - smaller publishers, single title publishers, backlist books of small publishers that just don't, they're not commercial.

They're much better sold through the mail to people who can look at the books or hear me describe them in more detail.

I'm really not interested in best selling titles.

I'm more interested in an esoteric, in-depth material on Hawaiian language, history, cultural history, natural history, music, dance, and so forth.

The people that I'm selling to want to know more than just a coffee table kind of scan.

And so I look and hunt for smaller, more obscure titles that really do delve into these subjects in great, great detail, more detail than most people are interested in.

Narrator Since the first book was printed on Gutenberg's press in the 15th century, people have been fascinated by books.

Maile Meyer/Native Books It's important because I'm a native Hawaiian, I feel an affinity for the material.

And because I have had difficulty finding it in bookstores, I'm feeling that kind of service.

I feel that the kupuna you have access to, kupuna are elders in the Hawaiian culture, and they're the keepers of the culture.

Well, if you don't have a resident kupuna, or your family isn't Hawaiian, you don't have access to a lot of material.

And the westernized version is a book form, the Hawaiian had no written language.

It was all oral traditions.

So this is a way to pass on, in western context, information about my culture.

Jim Rumford I like looking at the finished product knowing that I made that thing from just the pulp and, and some ink.

Barbara Pope/Book designer I love type.

I love working with typography, and paper.

And for the most part, illustrations, I've been lucky enough to work with some very good photographers here.

Jim Rumford That's why I say I'm still learning how to do this.

And I probably will.

If you come back 10 years from now, or 20 years from now still be learning better ways of doing it and perfecting it.

Narrator For nearly a century parishioners at St. Andrews Cathedral in Downtown Honolulu were called to worship by a lone bell.

Narrator (Bells ring) Narrator Today, a ring of eight bell sounds the call.

Each a different size and each tuned to a different note.

Narrator The bells of this Episcopal church are like no other in Hawaiʻi.

They are the first set of change ringing bells in the islands, the first in the central South Pacific region.

Unlike the simple chime of a single bell, change ringing bells produce a glorious cadence.

They're tuned to a certain octave and a rung full circle and always by human hands.

The order in which they ring is always thoughtfully orchestrated, and continually varied to make a more musical effect.

These varying sequences called changes represent the many different combinations of ways that a set of bells can be rung.

Narrator (Bells ring) Narrator To announce worship services in this more musical, more rhythmical way is a big investment for a church.

You need a large and sturdy bell tower, a steel frame from which to hang the bells, fittings and accessories for the bells and ringers to train.

Training which is often first done on hand bells.

Narrator (Bells chime) Narrator But first and foremost, you need the bells themselves.

Narrator (Bagpipes play) Narrator And for the church to have its own set of bells, it took the charity and vision of this man.

Australian entrepreneur Laith Reynolds, an Anglican, donated the bells to St Andrews with a wish to see the old English art of change ringing take root here.

Laith Reynolds Practice throughout the English speaking world is slowly drifting west across the US.

The bells have a number of duties.

The bells both ringing out to the glory of God and to announce the various occasions in the life of Honolulu, Hawaiʻi and the United States of America.

Narrator With St. Andrews tracing its roots to two of Hawaiʻi's monarchs and their ties to England's Anglican Church, Reynolds asked that the bells be named in honor of Hawaiʻi's eight kings and queens.

Priest I name you King Kalākaua, in the name of the Father and the Son, and of the Holy Spirit.

Amen.

I name you Queen Liliʻuokalani, in the name of the Father and the Son and of the Holy Spirit.

Amen.

Narrator They are nearly 200 years old and from St. Alkmund's church in Shrewsbury, England.

Structural problems in the tower there had rendered the bells useless.

And so they were last rung in 1911.

The same year the tower here was built.

Laith Reynolds During my period as president of the Australia New Zealand Association, I was involved in a number of similar projects to find bells for towers in Australia, and to carry out the restoration of bells that needed repair.

In some cases, they've been abandoned or just left to go to rack and ruin decades ago.

And this was one of the sets of bells that we were made aware of by the appropriate committees on bell redundancy and bell care in the United Kingdom.

And I went to see them in Shrewsbury one winter and they were, that time, buried and over a metre of guano and dead birds that have accumulated there over a century.

But they were obviously fine bells.

And it was a great pity to see that they had not rung for, at that stage, nearly 80 years.

We have tried to put these into at least bells in a number of locations and many other projects have started and succeeded in the time we've been trying to find a home for these.

But upon my visit nearly 12 months ago, I decided to approach the congregation here through the dean to see if they'd be interested in a gift of the bells, providing the congregation put the money up to found the funds to complete the work on the tower.

Laith Reynolds (Church chorus sings) Narrator To install the bells at St. Andrews required the skill and artistry of this Englishman, engineer and master bell ringer Bob Smith.

Bob Smith When we inspect a tower with a view to installing bells such as the one in Honolulu, we are looking for strength in all of the walls to be able to carry the dynamic loading of the bells in part on the structure.

Now here in Honolulu, we've got walls at about four feet thick.

It's a very substantial structure with good masonry.

Added to that, we have got reinforced concrete floor to the bell chamber.

There is a reinforced concrete top to the tower and I had no doubts at all when I saw the structure here that it will be able to take the ring of a bell from a tenor of about 1,300 weight which is what the bells are.

Bob Smith (Instrumental music) (Sawing) (Instrumental music) (Footsteps) Bob Smith There are all kinds of reasons for ringing bells.

Its main purpose is to call people to church on Sundays and traditionally has been going back to the 12th, 13th and 14th centuries in the UK.

But it's a fascinating hobby.

And even as recently as World War II, it was a sign for the nation that we would have been invaded by the Germans if that had ever happened with the bells throughout the country had got to be rung was a signal to the general public who wouldn't necessarily be close to a radio set at that time.

And consequently bells were not allowed to be rung in the UK during the whole of the last war, apart from when we had Victory in Europe and later victory in the Pacific.

Narrator The Smiths are part of a worldwide society of some 50,000 change ringers.

Most of them aren't England where more than 5000 churches have change ringing bells.

Bob Smith We have professional people, accountants, architects, professional engineers, school teachers, people who are very wealthy and in highly influential positions.

Once they're ringing bells, they're all a team together.

And it doesn't matter whether you've got a million dollars or whether you've got nothing at all, you are part of a team and people cooperate and work together as a team.

Bob Smith (Bells ringing) Laith Reynolds So if you walk into a bell tower anywhere in the world, as soon as you start talking, people will understand whether you are a ringer or not.

You can say yes I was ring plain methods, plain doubles, or I can ring surprise major or I've rung maximus in certain cathedrals around the world, and the terminology and the way you use it and also the way you when you walk to a rope, the bell rope, the way you address it and how your feet are placed.

How you stand and whether you take the rope correctly.

It's body language and verbal language.

Narrator With ringers here from England, New Zealand, Australia, Hong Kong, Canada, and a few from California and Hawaiʻi, the bells of St. Andrews could not have been in more expert hands.

Narrator (Bells ring) (Bagpipe music)