>> Braude: TONIGHT ON "GREATER BOSTON," AS UKRAINE WARNS OF INCREASING RUSSIAN AGGRESSION, AND PRESIDENT ZELENSKYY CALLS ON ALLIES TO INCREASE SANCTIONS.

GLOBAL CORPORATIONS ARE ALSO PLAYING A ROLE IN TARGETING RUSSIA' ECONOMY, MORE ACCURATELY SOME ARE-- AND SOME, CLEARLY ARE NOT.

THE YALE RESEARCHERS BEHIND A NEW "WHO'S WHO" LIST OF BUSINESS DEALINGS WITH RUSSIA JOIN ME AHEAD.

THEN, LATER, U.S. ARMY VETERAN, MATT GALLAGHER, JUST BACK FROM TRAINING UKRAINIAN CIVILIANS IN LVIV, ON THE COMPLICATED CALCULUS OF WHICH FOREIGN VOLUNTEER EFFORTS ARE HELPFUL VERSUS HARMFUL IN THIS GROTESQUE WAR.

♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ >> Braude: AS FOREIGN INSPECTORS DOCUMENT EVIDENCE OF LIKELY WAR CRIMES IN THE CITY OF BUCHA, WHERE OFFICIALS SAY RUSSIAN SOLDIERS SLAUGHTERED MORE THAN 360 CIVILIANS, OTHERS ARE POINTING TO THE MISSILE STRIKE THAT KILLED MORE THAN 50 PEOPLE TRYING TO FLEE UKRAINE AS ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF SUCH CRIMES, AND THE MAYOR OF MARIUPOL IS REPORTING AT LEAST 10,000 CIVILIANS ARE CONFIRMED DEAD THERE, POSSIBLY MORE THAN 20,000.

UKRAINIAN OFFICIALS ARE BRACING FOR EVEN WORSE IN THE DAYS AHEAD.

PUTIN HAS APPOINTED, AS HIS NEW WAR MANAGER, A RUSSIAN GENERAL KNOWN AS THE "BUTCHER OF SYRIA," SO NAMED FOR THE ATROCITIES HE DIRECTED AT CIVILIANS IN THAT COUNTRY, AND RUSSIA IS SCALING UP IN UKRAINE, WITH MORE TROOPS, TANKS AND OTHER WEAPONS, LEADING PRESIDENT ZELENSKYY TO CALL ON THE REST OF THE WORLD FOR MORE SUPPORT.

>> (translated): THEY HAVE TO SUPPLY WEAPONS TO UKRAINE AS IF THEY WERE DEFENDING THEMSELVES AND THEIR OWN PEOPLE.

THEY NEED TO UNDERSTAND THIS: IF THEY DON'T SPEED UP, IT WILL BE VERY HARD FOR US TO HOLD ON AGAINST THIS PRESSURE.

THE SECOND FACTOR IS SANCTIONS.

>> Braude: IN ADDITION TO GOVERNMENT SANCTIONS, HUNDREDS OF INDIVIDUAL COMPANIES HAVE ANNOUNCED VARIOUS LEVELS OF THEIR OWN RUSSIA SANCTIONS SINCE THE INVASION BEGAN.

BUT AS DATA OUT OF YALE UNIVERSITY SHOWS, NOT ALL EXITS ARE CREATED EQUAL AND SOME CORPORATIONS, AS THE "NEW YORK TIMES" HEADLINE PUTS IT "JUST CAN'T QUIT PUTIN."

SO WHICH IS WHICH OF THE BRANDS YOU KNOW AND, POSSIBLY EVEN LOVE?

AND HOW MUCH IMPACT DOES A COMPANY'S WITHDRAWAL REALLY HAVE?

I'M JOINED BY THE PAIR BEHIND THAT "TIMES" PIECE, JEFFREY SONNENFELD, A PROFESSOR AT YALE SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT; AND STEVEN TIAN, THE RESEARCH DIRECTOR AT THE YALE CHIEF EXECUTIVE LEADERSHIP INSTITUTE.

JEFFREY AND STEVEN THANK YOU FOR YOUR WORK AND YOUR TIME.

WE APPRECIATE IT.

>> THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME.

WE'RE GLAD TO SPOTLIGHT THIS CRITICAL ISSUE.

>> Braude: YOU GROUP BUSINESSES INTO FIVE CATEGORIES.

LET'S CALL THEM THE HALL OF FAMERS AT THE TOP WHO HAVE ENTIRELY ENDED THEIR RUSSIAN BUSINESSES AND AT THE BOTTOM, THOSE WHO CAN'T QUIT PUTIN, AS I SAID IN THE BEGINNING.

LET ME PUT UP THE FIRST TWO CATEGORIES, LEEFLG RUSSIA ENTIRELY, 250 CORPORATIONS THERE, AND ANOTHQ MY JAW DROPPED WHEN I SAW BP AND SHELL THERE, AND I DID A LITTLE MORE RESEARCH AND SAW THAT SHELL HAD LOST ROUGHLY $5 BILLION.

ARE YOU ABLE TO SAY WHAT MgT& I CAN'T BELIEVE THAT YOUñr CAUGHT THAT TOO.ç THAT'S WHAT CAUGHTÑiçó MYÑiçó ATTENTION.ñrÑi BP WHICH USEDÑiçó THEMSELVES ON SUSTAINABILITY,CLIMATE CHAIN ISSUES MANY WERE THEÑiÑi OXi MUCH MORE TO MEET THE EYE.

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THEÑi-9 OIL INDUSTRIES LEDçó THE CHARGE ASÑi DIDÑiñrñr CONSULTINGU PROFESSIONAL FIRMS, THEY WOULD USUALLYçó RATHER JUMP OFF A CLIFF THANñLGETxD INVOLVEDñrxD IN ANY TYPE OFñr GEOPOLITICALñrÑiñr CONFLICTS, AND EVERYTHING FROMñr THE HEAVY METAL GUYS OF APPLEÑiÑi ANDÑiÑi DELL AND THE SWAIRñrñrÑi MEMBERS,çóñrçóñr SOFTWARE PEOPLE,1 SOME OF ITÑpU(áe THEY RECOGNIZED THEY WERE ON THE WRONGñr SIDE OF HISTORY,çó THESE THREEçóñr BUSTERSçó ANDÑiÑi WANTED THIS OPPORTUNITY TO DO IT RIGHT ANDçó MAYBE THEYçó DID IT RIGHT, THEYÑiñr GOT OUTçó QUICKLY.

>> BrQuEe: YOU KNOWñrñ WE WOULD HAVE EXPECTED IN THE PAST THAT THOSE KINDS OF COMPANIES THAT ARE CONSUMER ORIENTED ARE USUALLY ON THE FRONTIERS OF SOCIAL CHANGE.

THE SENSE OF VALUES OF INTEGRITY OF THE LEADERS OR THEY'RE SINCE TIFT TO KNOW HOW TO READ SELF INTEREST.

IN THIS CASE THEY ARE KIND OF CAUGHT UP WITH WITH THIS MINDSET THAT THOSE BRANDS, LEVI STRAWS, McDONALD'S, ARE THE PRIOR SENSE OF SOVIET REPRESSION AND THAT THESE WERE BRANDS THAT REPRESENTED REPRESSION AND FREEDOM, THOSE WERE IDEALISTIC AND SPLIS TICK, IT CERTAINLY DOESN'T MAKE SENSE NOW.

>> Braude: CATEGORIES 3 AND 4, CATEGORY 3 IS SCALING BACK ACTIVITY, ROUGHLY 75% 75 CORPORATIONS ON YOUR LIST.

JEFFREY MY FAVORITE, I THINK I READ I DON'T KNOW IF IT WAS IN THE NEW YORKER OR CNBC OR WHEREVER, I DIDN'T PAUSE IT ON HALTING NEW INVESTMENTS, MANDALESE, YOUR COMMENT WAS SOMETHING LIKE.

I THINK THE RUSSIAN PEOPLE COULD PROBABLY DO WITHOUT OREOS IN THE MIDDLE OF THIS.

WHAT IS THEIR RATIONALE FOR CONTINUING BUSINESS OTHER THAN THE BOTTOM LINE?

>> YOU KNOW, THERE ARE SOME OF THESE COMPANIES, HAVE SUGGESTED THEY HAD SOME NUTRITIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO MAKE.

YOU TAKE A LOOK AT WHAT THOSE NUTRITIONAL ISSUES WERE ACCOUNT EXACTLY RIGHT, I DON'T THINK IT WAS KIT KATS, CADBURY CHOCOLATES AND OREOS COOKIES, AS WE WERE GETTING TO READ IN THE RUSSIAN LOCAL PRESS, THEY WERE PROUD THAT THESE COMPANIES WERE MARCHING FORWARD, THESE WERE HARDLY ESSENTIALS.

>> Braude: YOU KNOW, I THINK IT'S FAIR TO SAY, JEFFREY STALE STAYING WITH YOU A MINUTE.

YOU WERE ABSOLUTIST ON THESE ISSUES.

MEANING, I'LL PUT WORDS IN YOUR MOUTH.

PLEASE CORRECT ME IF I'M OVERSTATING IT.

EVEN IF A COMPANY IS PROVIDING ESSENTIAL FOOD, PHARMACEUTICALS, YOUR VIEW IS ANYTHING THAT HELPS THE RUSSIAN FTC POPULATION, LESS LIKELY THIS THEY WILL HELP PUTIN END THIS ATROCITY.

IS THAT A FAIR STATEMENT?

>> THAT IS FAIR.

WE SPENT AN HOUR AND A HALF WITH THE LEADERS OF OXFAN WHO ARE GREAT HUMAN RIGHTS ACTIVISTS WHO, FEET, IT IS NOT INHUMANE TO DRAW THAT LINE.

THAT'S HOW GANDHI DID IT?

IT'S HOW WE SAW NIKOLAI, FALL, AND OF COURSE WE ARE DRAWING ON THE MODEL OF SOUTH AFRICA APARTHEID.

YOU NEED TO BE FORCEFUL ON THIS.

AND THESE EXCUSES THAT THESE FARTHER COMPANIES USED, MANY THIS WERE PROVIDING OVER THE COUNTER DRUGS POSITIONS FOR DRY SKIN AND SNEEZING AND COUGHING, ANNAL JEEZICS AND ANTIHISTAMINES, THEY COULD BE RELOCATED AND IN MOST CASES WERE TO OTHER COUNTRIES, JUST THE SAME HUMAN SYSTEM, TESTED OFTEN SOMEBODY IN PARIS OR POLAND, DON'T HAVE TO BE IN RUSSIA.

>> Braude: AND STEVEN, THE ROUGHLY 162 IN YOUR PIECE IN THAT CATEGORY, AND I SHOULD SAY AT THE END OF THIS INTERVIEW WE WILL GIVE YOU INFORMATION ON WHERE YOU CAN FIND THE SEARCHABLE DATABASE THAT THESE GENTLEMEN HAVE PUT TOGETHER SO CAN YOU CHECK OUT ANY CORPORATION, THE LIST IS OBVIOUSLY MUCH LONGER.

COKE INDUSTRIES, PAPER TOWELS, TOILET PAPER, DIXIE CUPS, AGAIN.

IS THE HOME ULTIMATELY THAT I GUESS HAPPENED AFTER YOUR FIRST REPORTING ON THIS, THAT THE MORE PUB LITIGATIONITY FOR THOSE WHO DO THE RIGHT THING AND NOR THOSE WHO DON'T, HAD A THAT LATTER CATEGORY WILL HAVE FEW PARTICIPANTS, IS THAT WHAT THE HOPE IS HERE STERCH?

>> THAT'S EXACTLY IT.

I COULDN'T HAVE SID IT BETTER MYSELF.

IF YOU LOOK AT THE NAMES YOU JUST SPOTLIGHTED, TAKE COKE INDUSTRIES.

THEY FOCUSED OVERWHELMINGLY ON GUARDIAN INDUSTRIES, 600 EMPLOYEES IN RUSSIA BUT THEY MAKE NO MENTION IN THEIR SOFTWARE FACILITY, THEIR ELECTRONIC SUBSIDIARY WHICH STILL EMPLOYS ASSETS STAFF, OR THEIR PAPER COMPANY, SHARED MEMBERS OF THE BOARD.

ALL OF THESE COMPANIES HIDE UNDER THE EXCUSE THAT THEY'RE LOOKING OUT FOR THEIR EMPLOYEES THAT THEY CANNOT LEAVE OR ELSE THEIR FACILITIES WOULD BE NATIONALIZED.

YET THE QUESTION REMAINS WHAT IS SO SPECIAL WITH THEIR EMPLOYEES OR THEIR FACILITIES, THAT IS NOT TRUE FOR THE OTHER 600 COMPANIES THAT HAVE WITHDRAWN.

>> Braude: JEFFREY L GETTING IMPACT TO YOUR ABSOLUTIST POSITION, I DON'T MEAN THAT IN THE PEJORATIVE AT ALL, ANY BUSINESS WITH RUSSIA IS BAD BUSINESS, INDEFENSIBLE, IMMORAL, IS THE NEXT LIST YOU'RE GOING TO DO THE COUNTRIES THAT CONTINUE TO BUY OIL AND GAS FROM RUSSIA, GIVING THEM A BILLION DOLLARS A DAY TO KEEP THEM AFLOAT AND ABLE TO FINANCE THEIR ASSAULT ON UKRAINE, SHOULD THEY NOT BE ON ALIST?

>> DID YOU BY CHANCE TAP MY PHONE OR DID YOU WIRE OUR OFFICE WITH A BUG?

>> Braude: I'M SERIOUS.

>> THAT'S HAVING A DISCUSSION.

WE ACTUALLY HAVE INDUSTRY INDICES, WE HAVE COMPANY-SPECIFIC INDICES, WE ACTUALLY HAVE BELIEVE IT OR NOT 31 DIFFERENT EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, WE PROBABLY DIDN'T NEED THE GO QUITE THAT DEEP INTO EUROPE, THERE ARE SOME DISAPPOINTMENTS AS YOU CAN IMAGINE, INDIA.

CHINA IS A LITTLE BETTER OF A MIXED PICTURE BUT IT'S VERY COMPLICATED COUNTRY BY COUNTRY.

I THINK YOU'RE EXACTLY RIGHT, IF YOU WOULD INVITE US BACK THAT'S THE ONLY INCENTIVE WE WOULD NEED.

>> Braude: DO IT.

JEFFREY ONE LAST QUESTION FOR YOU, OBVIOUSLY THE HOPE IS, I'M SORRY, THE IMPACT ON PUTIN, THERE WAS A PIECE IN AXIOS AND I'M SURE IT'S NOT UNIQUE TO AXIOS, SAYING IN SOME WAYS THIS CREATES A RALLYING BEHIND PUTIN, IT NEEDS THE NOTION THAT THE WEST IS EVIL AND OUT TO GET US AND WE'LL ENDURE THIS QUICKLY IF YOU CAN.

HOW DO YOU RESPOND TO THAT?

>> RESPOND TO THAT IS THAT IT'S IN ERROR.

FIRST OF ALL, EVEN THERE ARE SOME RUSSIAN EXPERTS WHO HAVE BEEN REFUTED BY ACTUAL RUSSIAN EXPERTS IN RUSSIA THAT WHATEVER THEY HAVE BEEN FEEDING IS NOT THE REAL THING, WHAT THEY SEE ON THE GROUND, THAT HONESTLY ANSWER A PUBLIC OPINION POLL WITH SOME STRANGE KILLING YOU, IF YOU END UP WITH A 15 YEAR PRISON SENTENCE BY USING THE WORD WAR, OF COURSE YOU'RE GOING TO GET THAT MISLEADING STATEMENT.

FAMILY MEMBERS, PEOPLE ON THE STREETS BEING LAID OFF WHEN THEY RECOGNIZE AS WE SAW WITH SOUTH AFRICA THAT THE WHOLE NATION IS BEING TREATED BY 220 NATIONS AS A ROGUE NATION, THEY'RE NOT GOING TO SEE SOMEHOW BELIEVE THE PROBLEM THAT THEY ARE THE LONE LIBERATE OORGS OF THE SO-CALLED NEONAZI CLAN RUNNING UKRAINE.

I THINK THAT'S NONSENSE.

WHAT THAT DOES PROVE IS THE TOTALITARIAN CLAIMS, THAT PUTIN HAS CONTROL OVER CIVIL SOCIETY BREAKDOWN AND THEY SHOW IT HE HAS MUCH LESS THAN HE IS.

>> Braude: I THANK YOU AND HOPE TO SEE YOU AGAIN SOON.

>> THANK YOU JIM.

TO SEE THEIR ENTIRE DATABASE OF COMPANIES' RESPONSES TO THE RUSSIA INVASION, GO TO Yalerussianbusinessretreat.com.

JUST A FEW DAYS INTO RUSSIA'S INVASION INTO UKRAINE, PRESIDENT ZELENSKYY CREATED A SO-CALLED "FOREIGN LEGION," AND CALLED ON PEOPLE FROM AROUND THE WORLD TO COME HELP UKRAINIAN FIGHTERS ON THE GROUND.

LESS THAN TWO WEEKS LATER, AROUND 20,000 PEOPLE FROM MORE THAN 50 COUNTRIES HAD ANSWERED THAT CALL, INCLUDING 3,000-PLUS AMERICANS, ACCORDING TO UKRAINIAN OFFICIALS.

AMONG THEM ARE SOME U.S. VETERANS, WHO'VE BEEN TRAINING UKRAINIAN FIGHTERS IN URBAN COMBAT AND SURVIVAL SKILLS.

BUT AS ONE SUCH VETERAN RECENTLY WROTE ABOUT IN THE "NEW YORK TIMES", AFTER RETURNING FROM A TRIP TO LVIV, THERE'S A LOT TO WEIGH WHEN DECIDING WHETHER TO PICK UP AND HEAD OVERSEAS ON YOUR OWN TO TRY TO HELP.

U.S. ARMY VETERAN MATT GALLAGHER IS THE MAN BEHIND THAT PIECE, AND JOINS ME NOW.

HE'S ALSO THE AUTHOR OF THE IRAQ WAR MEMOIR "KABOOM."

MATT IT'S GOOD TO MEET YOU.

THANKS FOR BEING HERE.

>> APPRECIATE HAVING ME ON.

>> Braude: WHAT DID YOU DO EXACTLY WHEN YOU WERE IN LVIV A COUPLE OF WEEKS AGO?

>> OUR MISSION WAS SEPARATE THERE THAT FOREIGN LEGION.

A GROUP OF THREE OF US ALL COMBAT VETERANS OF IRAQ OR AFGHANISTAN, WE WORKED WITH A CIVILIAN DEFENSE FORCE THAT HAS BEEN STANDING UP IN LVIV PREPPING THEM ON VERY BASIC URBAN COMBAT CAK TICKS AND SURVIVABILITY.

PEOPLE, BUS DRIVERS, WELDERS, FOLKS WHO HAVE NEVER HAD A DAY OF MILITARY TRAINING IN THEIR LIVES, JUST TO GIVER THEM BASICS IF AND WHEN THE WAR COMES TO LVIV.

>> Braude: WHY DID YOU DO IT?

>> I THOUGHT OF THE OLD HEMINGWAY LIFE, "FOR WHOM THE BELL TOLLS" WHAT ARE WE BORN FOR BUT TO HELP PEOPLE.

ADRIAN BONNENBERGER, HAD A CONNECTION TO LVIV.

IT WAS A MATTER OF GETTING UP AND DOING IT AND THAT'S WHAT WE DID.

>> Braude: ONE MENTION IN YOUR PIECE, THE THING THAT I CAN'T GET OVER, I DON'T KNOW WHY IT STRUCK ME MORE, BUS DRIVERS, BUSINESS PEOPLE, CHURCH GOERS.

PARENTS, THOSE ARE NOT USUALLY YOUR COMRADES IN THE WORK YOU'VE DONE IN THE MILITARY.

ISN'T THAT LIKE AN OUT OF BODY EXPERIENCE?

>> SOMEWHAT.

BUT YOU KNOW, THESE PEOPLE SEE THE WAR COMING THEIR WAY.

THEY HAVE COUSINS, THEY HAVE FRIENDS WHO HAVE ALREADY SUFFERED TREMENDOUSLY IN EASTERN UKRAINE SO THEY SHOWED UP DAY IN AND DAY OUT, MAYBE THEY'RE NOT TECHNICALLY SOLDIERS, MAYBE THEY DON'T HAVE THAT BACKGROUND, BUT THEY TOOK THIS AS SERIOUSLY AS ANY SOLDIER I EVERYONE TRAINED WITH, BECAUSE IT IS AN EXISTENCIAL STRESS.

IT IS THEIR EVERY DAY LIFE, THEIR LIVELIHOOD, AND THEY WANT TO BE PREPARED TO DEFEND THEMSELVES IF NECESSARY.

>> Braude: DO THEY FEEL FEAR?

>> SOME FEAR, SOME ANGER, A LOT OF RESOLUTENESS.

THE ONE THING I WANT TO STRESS TO YOUR VIEWERS IS THE NATIONAL UNITY THAT WE SEE ON TELEVISION SCREENS AND ON OUR COMPUTER SCREENS THAT IS VERY REAL.

YOU KNOW, UKRAINE IS A DEMOCRACY, THAT MEANS PEOPLE ARE GOING TO ARGUE, PEOPLE ARE GOING TO HAVE PROBLEMS WITH EACH OTHER.

ALL OF THAT HAS BEEN SET ASIDE.

IT WAS REALLY INSPIRING WATCHING PEOPLE WITH ALL KINDS OF DIFFERENT VIEWS AND PERSPECTIVES COMING TOGETHER, IN THIS FIGHT FOR THEIR EXISTENCE.

>> Braude: LIKE TO SEE SOME MUCH THAT BEING PUT ASIDE IN THIS COUNTRY BUT THAT'S NOT HAPPENING ANY TIME SOON.

I'M CERTAINLY NOT A MILITARY HIRCH BUT OTHER THAN THE CIVIL WAR IN SPAIN RIGHT BEFORE WORLD WAR II THAT I THINK MOST OF US READ ABOUT IN OUR HISTORY BOOKS IS THERE PRECEDENT FOR THESE KINDS OF NUMBERS EVER PEOPLE FROM THIS COUNTRY, FIGHTING IN SOMEONE ELSE'S WAR?

>> THESE TYPE OF NUMBERS MAYBE NOT.

BUT, YOU KNOW, IN THE AMERICAN REVOLUTIONARY WAR WE HAD FRENCH MEN COME OVER AND SUPPORT OR CAUSE.

>> Braude: OF COURSE.

>> SO IN THE FIGHT FOR FREEDOM AND DEMOCRACY ACROSS THE HISTORY, PEOPLE HAVE BABDED TOGETHER TO FIGHT FOR EACH OTHER.

AND THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR IS OFTEN THE PRECEDENT POINTED TO.

I WOULD SAY THE DIFFERENCE HERE IS, YOU KNOW, THE GOOD GUYS IN SPAIN LOST.

THEY LOST TO THE FASCISTS.

I HAVE NO DOUBT THAT THE UKRAINIANS THEY'RE GOING TO WIN.

THEY'RE GOING TO WIN THIS ONE AND THEY'RE DUG IN FOR HOWEVER LONG IT TAKES.

>> Braude: IS THERE, BE OTHER VETERANS LIKE YOU WHO HAVE DECIDED TO DO SOMETHING, IS THE HEMINGWAY LINE THE COMMON THREAD DO YOU THINK OR DOES EVERYBODY GOT THEIR OWN DEEM THEIR OWNS MOTIVATION?

>> I THINK EVERYBODY HAS THEIR OWN DEAL, THEIR OWN MOTIVATION.

BUT SOME FOLKS THEY HAVE THAT HELPER GENE IN THEM TO GET UP AND GO.

OTHERS MAYBE HAVE SOME MESSY FEELINGS OF IRAQ OR AFGHANISTAN.

OTHERS YOU KNOW HONESTLY JUST KIND OF SHOOT SOME RUSSIAN INVADERS IN THE FACE.

AND I DON'T SEE THAT FLIPPANTLY BECAUSE AN EXPIRCHLS FIGHT -- IS EXIRCHLS FIGHT LIKE THIS YOU NEED THAT.

EXISTENTIAL FIGHT LIKE THIS YOU NEED THAT.

>> Braude: PEOPLE WHO YOU THINK IS MOTIVATED MAYBE SHOULD CONSIDER GOING OR THOSE WHO EVEN IF MOTIVATED SHOULD PROBABLY NOT?

>> YES, IN MY ESSAY I KIND OF DIVIDED IT INTO TWO.

FOLKS WHO KNOW THEY CAN HELP UKRAINIAN PEOPLE IN NEED, A SPECIAL FORCES MEDIC WHO HAS CERTAIN TIME OFF AND KNOWS HE CAN TRAIN OTHERS ON COMBAT MEDICINE AND DISEASE, OF COURSE THERE IS NEED FOR THAT.

MAYBE SOMEONE WHO WANTS TO HEM, DOESN'T KNOW HOW, MAYBE THEIR INTENTIONS ARE A LITTLE MESSY ERR THAN THAT, THEY'RE FIGURING THAT I'M JUST SHOW UP AND I'LL FIGURE IT OUT FROM THERE, NO, THERE'S PLENTY OF THOSE ALREADY IN POLAND AND UKRAINE AND THEY ARE REALLY BECOMING KIND OF A BETTER ON THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND THE LOCAL POWER BROKERS.

THE LAST THING UKRAINE NEEDS RIGHT NOW ARE FOLKS LIKE THAT.

SO UNLESS SOMEBODY REALLY KNOWS A SPECIFIC NEED, A SPECIFIC PURPOSE THEY CAN CONTRIBUTE TO ON THE GROUNDS THEY ARE BETTER OFF STAYING AT THEIR HOME AND FINDING MORE INDIRECT WAYS TO SUPPORT.

JBZ>> Braude: WHAT'S A GOON?

>> THOSE FOLKS MILLING ABOUT BECOMING A BURDEN.

MY FRIENDS AND I LABELED THEM GOONS.

AND THEY'RE BEARDED, WEARING A LOT OF FATIGUES, LETTING EVERYONE KNOW WHAT THEY'RE THERE FOR.

AND NO, THE LAST THING UKRAINE NEEDS RIGHT NOW IS MORE GOONERY.

>> Braude: YOU SAID IN YOUR PIECE THAT THEY WERE LOUD WHICH I THINK CAPTURED THE IMAGE FOR THOSE OF US WHO WERE NOT THERE QUITE WELL.

YOU ALSO HAVE A CAUTION MATT FOR PEOPLE WHO FALL INTO THE SAME CATEGORY, WHILE IT IS LEGAL TO GO, AN AMERICAN BEING CAPTURED BY THE RUSSIANS WOULD BE HELL.

COULD YOU FLESH IT OUT A LITTLE BIT FOR US?

>> YEAH, ABSOLUTELY.

THERE IS NO DOUBT THAT WHEN WE WERE THERE I.T.

WAS SOMETHING WE CONSIDERED IN OUR SECURITY POSTURE.

RIGHT?

THAT THERE WOULD BE NO BIGGER PROPAGANDA COUP FOR THE KREMLIN RIGHT NOW TO FIND AN AMERICAN VETERAN, MILITARY VETERAN WORKING IN WHATEVER CAPACITY OVER IN UKRAINE RIGHT NOW AND CLAIMING THEY'RE A CIA SPY, IT'S PART OF NATO INVOLVEMENT, WHATEVER.

THE RUSSIAN GOVERNMENT WILL SPIN WHATEVER THEY NEED TO TO CREATE SOME KIND OF MISTRUTH.

THAT'S A REALLY DARK SERIOUS POSSIBILITY, THAT I WANTED TO REMIND ANYONE GOING TO UKRAINE WHETHER MILITARY VETERAN OR NOT TO CONSIDER.

THAT THERE WILL BE PEOPLE LOOKING FOR YOU, TO TURN YOU INTO A CAUTIONARY TALE.

>> Braude: MATT I WANT TO ADD A THIRD CATEGORY IF I MAY, WHEN YOU TALKED ABOUT THAT SECOND CATEGORY, SHOOTING A PERSON IN THE FACE BECAUSE THEY NEED IT.

THERE ARE NEONAZIS FOR EXAMPLE WHO IN SOME WAYS WOULD CLEARLY PLAY INTO THE FICTIONAL NARRATIVE THAT PUTIN IS TRYING TO CREATE ABOUT THE NAZIFICATION OF UKRAINE.

HOW DOES ANYBODY KEEP THAT KIND OF INDIVIDUAL AWAY?

IS IT DOABLE?

>> I THINK THE UKRAINIAN AUTHORITIES ARE FINDING THAT OUT.

SOME OF THE DIFFERENT PARAMILITARY GROUPS THAT ARE STANDING UP NOW, THEY ARE TAKING IT ON THEMSELVES TO WEED OUT THE WESTERN INDIVIDUALS WHO ARE SHOWING YOU AS A REASON, THE AZOFFS, WHO ARE FIGHTING FOR UKRAINE, YES THOSE FOLKS ARE VERY REAL BUT THEY ARE ALSO A GROUP OF A FEW THOUSAND.

UKRAINE IS A COUNTRY OF 44 MILLION AND AGAIN THEY OAR SOVEREIGN DEMOCRACY NOT WITHOUT THEIR OWN PROBLEMS WHICH ANYBODY IN AMERICA CAN UNDERSTAND, THEY WERE INVADED THEY WERE ATTACKED.

WAR IS NEVER BLACK AND WHITE BUT FROM MY OPINION AND THERE MY VANTAGE POINT AT LEAST THIS IS ABOUT AS BLACK AND WHITE A WAR AS I'VE EVER BEEN ALIVE FOR.

>> Braude: YOU DON'T MENTION THIS MUCH.

YOU HAVE BREN THERE, TRAINED PEOPLE, I SIT ON MY COUCH AT NIGHT AND WATCH THIS AND WHILE I UNDERSTAND ALL THE ARGUMENTS ABOUT THE THREAT OF A NUCLEAR WAR IF WE GET MORE INVOLVED, WHEN YOU WERE THERE OR WHEN YOU CAME HOPE DO YOU THINK WE AS A COUNTRY NOT YOU AND YOUR COLLEAGUES AS INDIVIDUALS, WE AS A COUNTRY ARE DOING ENOUGH?

>> I THINK THERE'S ALWAYS MORE TO BE DONE.

I THINK WE'RE TRYING TO WALK A FINE TIGHT ROPE AND I THINK IT'S IMPORTANT TO STAY ON THAT TIGHT ROPE, DIRECT INVOLVEMENT IN MY ESTIMATION WOULD BE A CATASTROPHIC MISTAKE BUT IN TERMS OF WEAPONS, IN TERMS OF FINANCIAL SUPPORT, THERE'S ALWAYS MORE TO BE DELIVERED.

AND IT'S IMPORTANT I THINK FOR US AS INDIVIDUAL AMERICANS AND TO STRESS TO OUR POLITICAL LEADERS TO TAKE OUR CUES FROM UKRAINE ON THE MICROLEVEL.

NOT GETTING INVOLVED AND NOT SAYING WHAT THEY NEED RIGHT?

THIS IS THE MACRO-VERSION OF THAT, TAKING OUR CUES FROM OUR FELLOW DREAK PEOPLE, TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF OUR LIFE HERE IN THE UNITED STATES.

>> Braude: MATT GALLAGHER, THANK YOU.

THAT'S IT FOR TONIGHT.

WE'LL BE BACK TOMORROW, AND WE'LL LEAVE YOU WITH A PIECE OF MUSIC THE ARTIST VOWED WOULD NEVER HAPPEN.

JOHN LENNON'S SON JULIAN SAID HE WOULD NEVER COVER HIS FATHER'S SONG, "IMAGINE."

BUT, AS HE WROTE WHEN HE POSTED THIS VIDEO, AS PART OF GLOBAL CITIZEN'S SOCIAL MEDIA RALLY, STAND UP FOR UKRAINE: "WHY NOW, AFTER ALL THESE YEARS?

I HAD ALWAYS SAID, THAT THE ONLY TIME I WOULD EVER CONSIDER SINGING 'IMAGINE' WOULD BE IF IT WAS THE 'END OF THE WORLD.'

BUT ALSO, BECAUSE HIS LYRICS REFLECT OUR COLLECTIVE DESIRE FOR PEACE WORLDWIDE.

THE SONG REFLECTS THE LIGHT AT THE END OF THE TUNNEL, THAT WE ARE ALL HOPING FOR."

ABOVE US, ONLY SKY IMAGINE ALL THE PEOPLE LIVIN' FOR TODAY ♪ IMAGINE THERE'S NO COUNTRIES ♪ ♪ IT ISN'T HARD TO DO NOTHING TO KILL OR DIE FOR Captioned by Media Access Group at WGBH access.wgbh.org >> WELL, YOU HAVE BEEN RESPONDING TO OUR CALL FOR QUESTIONS IN RECENT WEEKS.

SO, WE'RE GOING TRY TO GET TO AS MANY OF YOUR QUESTIONS AS WE CAN IN SHORT ORDER.

♪ ♪ ♪ LAURA BENNETT FROM WESTPORT ASKS, "WHY IS THERE A PARTICULAR KIND OF ROCK IN MASSACHUSETTS KNOWN AS PUDDINGSTONE?"

WELL, PUDDINGSTONE IS A TYPE OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK KNOWN AS A CONGLOMERATE, WHICH MEANS THERE'S A BUNCH OF DIFFERENT GRAVEL SIZE STONES IN THERE WHICH ARE STUCK TOGETHER WITH SEDIMENT.

IT'S LIKE A MISHMASH.

NOW WHEN EUROPEAN SETTLERS FIRST CAME HERE, THEY SAW THIS ROCK AND IT REMINDED THEM OF THEIR FAVORITE DESSERT FROM HOME, FRUIT PUDDING.

NOW, OF COURSE, ENGLISH PUDDING IS DIFFERENT THAN AMERICAN PUDDING.

IF YOU'VE EVER SEEN "THE GREAT BRITISH BAKING SHOW," YOU KNOW EXACTLY WHAT I'M TALKING ABOUT, AND THE FACT THAT A LOT OF BRITISH DESSERTS KIND OF LOOK LIKE ROCKS.

LOCAL TIP, IF YOU WANT TO SEE A REALLY WEIRD POEM ABOUT PUDDINGSTONE, HEAD TO FITZGERALD PARK IN MISSION HILL IN BOSTON.

ALICE FASTOV FROM DENHAM MASSACHUSETTS WANTS TO KNOW, "WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SPIDERWEBS AND COBWEBS?"

WELL, THERE ARE SOME SPIDERS, LIKE SAY A BLACK WIDOW THAT MAKE THESE DIMENSIONAL, IRREGULAR WEBS AND THOSE ARE KNOWN AS COBWEBS.

BUT, IN GENERAL, A COBWEB SIMPLY REFERS TO A SPIDER WEB THAT HAS BEEN ABANDONED.

NOW THAT COB IN COBWEB COMES FROM AN OLD MIDDLE ENGLISH WORD "COPPE," WHICH JUST MEANS SPIDER.

SUSAN FROM BOSTON ASKS, "WHY DO WHEELS ON CARS IN TV COMMERCIALS SEEM TO BE SPINNING BACKWARDS?"

WELL, SUSAN, WHAT'S HAPPENING WITH THE CAMERA IS IT'S ACTUALLY TAKING JUST A BUNCH OF PICTURES AND THEN YOUR BRAIN IS ASSEMBLING THOSE PICTURES TO SAY, "I SEE MOTION."

NOW, WHEN THE SPEED IS JUST RIGHT, HERE'S WHAT'S GOING ON.

YOU GOT A CAR WHEEL.

LET'S SAY THERE'S A SPOT YOU'RE NOTICING ON THAT CAR WHEEL, RIGHT THERE AT 12:00.

THE NEXT PICTURE IN THE CAMERA, THAT SPOT IS MAYBE AT 11:00.

THE NEXT PICTURE IN THE CAMERA, THAT SPOT IS MAYBE AT 10:00.

SO WHAT YOUR BRAIN IS INTERPRETING IS THAT THE WHEEL IS ACTUALLY MOVING BACKWARDS.

INCIDENTALLY, THE SAME THING CAN HAPPEN JUST IN PERSON YOUR EYE AND YOUR BRAIN KIND OF WORK THE SAME WAY AS THE CAMERA, NOT EXACTLY BUT IF THE SPEED IS RIGHT, YOU'LL NOTICE IT RIGHT THERE IN FRONT OF YOU.

WELL, THAT'S ALL WE HAVE TIME FOR TODAY.

DON'T FORGET TO LIKE AND SUBSCRIBE.

AND PERHAPS MOST IMPORTANTLY LET ME KNOW WHAT YOU ARE CURIOUS ABOUT BECAUSE, HEY, I MIGHT JUST LOOK INTO IT FOR YOU.

I'M EDGAR B. HERWICK III.

STAY CURIOUS OUT THERE.

♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ >> THE "CURIOSITY DESK" IS SPONSORED BY EMERSON COLLEGE, INSPIRING CURIOSITY AND CREATIVE EXPRESSION IN ALL OF US.