♪♪ >>> HELLO, EVERYONE.

AND WELCOME TO "AMANPOUR & CO." HERE'S WHAT'S COMING UP.

ARIZONA BECOMES A FLASH POINT FOR AMERICA'S REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS BATTLE AS A 160-YEAR-OLD LAW BANS ALMOST ALL ABORTIONS.

I'M JOINED BY MARY ZIEGLER, AN EXPERT ON THE LAW, HISTORY, AND POLITICS OF THIS ISSUE.

>>> THEN, ONE YEAR OF CIVIL WAR IN SUDAN.

I SPEAK TO TOM PERRIELLO, THE U.S. SPECIAL ENVOY TO THE COUNTRY, ABOUT WHAT THE WORLD MUST DO TO END THE VIOLENCE.

>>> AND -- >> IT WAS HIS BUSINESS TO TELL THE STORY OF THE WHITE YOUTH, AND IT IS MY BUSINESS TO TELL THE STORY OF THE BLACK MAN.

>> AUTHOR PERCIVAL EVERETT TELLS WALTER ISAACSON WHY HE'S TAKING ON MARK TWAIN BY RE-IMAGINING HUCKLEBERRY FINN.

>>> ALSO AHEAD, 26 YEARS SINCE THE GOOD FRIDAY AGREEMENT.

WE LOOK BACK AT CHRISTIANE'S INTERVIEW WITH THE LEADERS WHO HELPED BRING PEACE TO NORTHERN IRELAND.

♪♪ >>> "AMANPOUR & CO." IS MADE POSSIBLE BY -- THE ANDERSON FAMILY ENDOWMENT.

JIM ATTWOOD AND LESLIE WILLIAMS.

CANDACE KING WEIR.

THE FAMILY FOUNDATION OF LEILA AND MICKEY STRAUS.

MARK J. BLECHNER.

THE FILOMEN M. D'AGOSTINO FOUNDATION.

SETON J. MELVIN.

CHARLES ROSENBLUM.

KOO AND PATRICIA YUEN.

COMMITTED TO BRIDGING CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN OUR COMMUNITIES.

BARBARA HOPE ZUCKERBERG.

ADDITIONAL SUPPORT PROVIDED BY THESE FUNDERS AND BY CONTRIBUTIONS TO YOUR PBS STATION FROM VIEWERS LIKE YOU.

THANK YOU.

>>> WELCOME TO THE PROGRAM, EVERYONE.

I'M BIANNA GOLODRYGA IN NEW YORK, SITTING IN FOR CHRISTIANE AMANPOUR.

ARIZONA HAS BECOME GROUND ZERO FOR AMERICA'S BATTLE ON REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS.

THE U.S. VICE PRESIDENT KAMALA HARRIS IS IN THE STATE TODAY, ARRIVING HOT ON THE HEELS OF A DECISION BY THE SUPREME COURT THERE TO HOLD UP A CIVIL WAR-ERA LAW BANNING NEARLY ALL ABORTIONS.

A LAW REPUBLICAN LEGISLATORS THEN FOUGHT TO PROTECT.

SHE IS ALSO GOING TO SEND A CLEAR MESSAGE THAT A SECOND TERM FOR DONALD TRUMP MEANS MORE BANS, MORE SUFFERING, A LINE WE CAN PROBABLY EXPECT TO HEAR MORE OF AS AN ELECTION SEASON HEATS UP.

FOR HIS OWN PART, THE FORMER PRESIDENT SAID THAT THE ARIZONA RULING GOES TOO FAR, BUT THAT'S A STARK CONTRAST TO TRUMP'S PREVIOUS CAMPAIGN FOR THE PRESIDENCY, WHERE HE REPEATEDLY PROMISED TO OVERTURN THE ROE V. WADE DECISION, WHICH MADE ABORTION LEGAL ACROSS THE COUNTRY.

SOMETHING HE MADE GOOD ON BY INSTALLING SEVERAL CONSERVATIVE JUSTICES ON THE FEDERAL SUPREME COURT BENCH DURING HIS TERM.

SO WHAT HAPPENS NOW, AND HOW WILL THIS DEVELOPMENT IMPACT WOMEN IN ARIZONA AND ACROSS AMERICA?

JOINING ME NOW ON THIS IS LAW PROFESSOR AND AUTHOR MARY ZIEGLER.

SHE'S AN EXPERT ON THE HISTORY AND POLITICS OF ABORTION.

MARY, YOU'RE THE PERFECT PERSON TO HAVE ON FOR THIS DISCUSSION.

AS AN EXPERT ON THE HISTORY OF THE LAW, I WOULD IMAGINE YOU, YOURSELF, WERE EQUALLY SHOCKED TO HEAR THE RULING ANNOUNCED THIS WEEK IN ARIZONA.

I MEAN JUST THE DRACONIAN MEASURES THAT IT TAKES, BRINGING US BACK TO LITERALLY A JUDGE WHO WROTE IT HAVING BEEN APPOINTED BY PRESIDENT ABRAHAM LINCOLN AT THE TIME.

JUST FIRST, YOUR PROFESSIONAL REACTION TO THAT NEWS.

>> I MEAN IT BOTH WAS AND WASN'T SURPRISING.

I MEAN, I THINK ONCE ROE V. WADE WAS OVERTURNED, WE KNEW THAT A LOT OF THESE ZOMBIE LAWS WERE ON THE BOOKS AND IT WAS JUST A MATTER OF TIME BEFORE A STATE SUPREME COURT LET ONE OF THEM GO INTO EFFECT.

SO I THINK IT'S BOTH HARD TO BELIEVE THAT ARIZONA, WHICH IS OBVIOUSLY KIND OF A DIVIDED STATE, IS BEING GUIDED BY A LAW FROM BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR, THAT BY ITS TERMS, FOR EXAMPLE, SAYS YOU CANNOT PERFORM AN ABORTION IF A WOMAN IS GOING TO SUFFER PERMANENT IMPAIRMENT OF A MAJOR BODILY FUNCTION OR INFERTILITY.

THAT IS AS SHOCKING TO ME AS A PERSON, BUT AS SOMEONE WHO STUDIED THIS, IT SEEMED KIND OF INEVITABLE AFTER IT WAS OVERTURNED.

>> THE ONLY EXCEPTIONS ARE THE LIFE OF THE MOTHER.

RAPE AND INCEST ARE NOT INCLUDED HERE.

AND THE THOUGHT BEHIND THIS DECISION BY THIS VERY CONSERVATIVE SUPREME COURT IS THAT WITH ROE NO LONGER THE LAW OF THE LAND, THAT THE STATUTE IS NOW ENFORCEABLE.

THE STATUTE FROM THE 1800s.

IS THAT TOO CUTE BY HALF GIVEN THE -- DESPITE THE CONSERVATIVE NATURE OF THIS COURT?

FOR A STATE SUPREME COURT COURT TO COME TO THAT CONCLUSION?

>> WELL, THE ARGUMENT IN THE CASE LEGALLY WAS ACTUALLY PRETTY NARROW.

PLANNED PARENTHOOD WAS ARGUING ESSENTIALLY THAT THE STATE LEGISLATURE WANTED 15 WEEKS TO BE THE POLICY AND THAT THEY HAD SORT OF INTENDED TO OVERRIDE THIS 1864 LAW.

AND THE STATE SUPREME COURT DIDN'T BUY THAT ARGUMENT.

THERE COULD BE OTHER ARGUMENTS YOU COULD MAKE.

FOR EXAMPLE, WE'VE SEEN LITIGATORS ACROSS THE UNITED STATES ARGUING THAT AN ABORTION BAN LIKE THIS WOULD VIOLATE A STATE GUARANTEE OF EQUALITY OR PRIVACY OR A RIGHT TO LIFE, AND WE MAY SEE ADDITIONAL CHALLENGES TO THE LAW IN THE ARIZONA SUPREME COURT.

BUT I THINK THE PROBLEM FOR US AS FAR AS THE ARIZONA SUPREME COURT IS CONCERNED IS THAT THESE ARE JUSTICES WHO ARE SUBJECT TO RE-ELECTION.

THESE ARE UNLIKE THE U.S. SUPREME COURT JUSTICES WHO HAVE LIFETIME APPOINTMENTS.

IF ONE OF THESE JUSTICES WERE TO LOSE THEIR ELECTION, THEY WOULD BE REPLACED FROM A LIST OF NOMINEES BY THE GOVERNOR, WHO IN THE CASE OF ARIZONA IS A DEMOCRAT.

SO WHATEVER THE LEGAL RATIONALE FOR THIS RULING, THE JUSTICES WHO JOINED THE MAJORITY, I THINK, PUT THEMSELVES IN THE POLITICAL CROSSHAIRS COME NOVEMBER.

>> YEAH, AND THE COURT PUT THIS RULING ON HOLD AND THEN SENT IT DOWN TO THE LOWER COURT FOR ADDITIONAL ARGUMENTS ON THE LAW'S CONSTITUTIONALITY.

SO THIS CASE HAS NOT ENDED AS OF YET.

THAT HAVING BEEN SAID, IT CAME 24 HOURS AFTER THE FORMER PRESIDENT FINALLY ISSUED HIS POLICY AND TOOK A STANCE ON HIS VIEWS ON ABORTION BY SAYING THAT IT'S UP TO THE STATES AND THAT THAT SHOULD BE THE END OF THE DISCUSSION.

HERE'S WHAT HE SAID.

>> FIGHTING ROE V. WADE WAS RIGHT FROM THE BEGINNING ALL ABOUT BRINGING THE ISSUE BACK TO THE STATES PURSUANT TO THE 10th AMENDMENT AND STATES' RIGHTS.

IT WASN'T ABOUT ANYTHING ELSE.

THAT'S WHAT IT WAS.

WE BROUGHT IT BACK TO THE STATES, AND NOW LOTS OF THINGS ARE HAPPENING, AND LOTS OF GOOD THINGS ARE HAPPENING.

>> SO THEN AFTER THIS DECISION IN ARIZONA, HE WENT OUT AND SAID THAT IT WAS TOO FAR.

KARI LAKE, WHO HAD SUPPORTED THIS LAW BEFOREHAND, THEN ONCE IT WAS ACTUALLY HANDED DOWN SAID SHE DIDN'T SUPPORT IT.

THIS REALLY PUTS REPUBLICANS IN A BIND IN A SENSE ALL OF THESE YEARS WITH THEIR ATTEMPTS TO OVERTURN ROE FINALLY HAPPENING.

IT'S AS IF THE DOG FINALLY CAUGHT THE CAR, AND THE CONSEQUENCES ARE QUITE SIGNIFICANT IN THE FACT THAT IN HIS VIEW, IT SHOULD BE DONE PIECEMEAL UP TO THE STATES.

IT'S CREATING A LOT OF HAVOC, AND OBVIOUSLY AT THE END OF THE DAY, IT'S WOMEN AND THEIR FAMILIES AND THEIR DOCTORS WHO ARE PAYING THE ULTIMATE PRICE.

>> YEAH.

I MEAN I THINK ONE OF THE THINGS FORMER PRESIDENT TRUMP HAS DONE, TOO, IS HE'S HAD FORMER TRUMP CAMPAIGN OFFICIALS MAKING PROMISES ESSENTIALLY THAT TRUMP IS GOING TO REVIVE ANOTHER ZOMBIE LAW CALLED THE COMSTOCK ACT FROM 1873, JUST A LITTLE AFTER THIS ARIZONA LAW, AND USE IT AS A NATIONWIDE BAN ON ABORTION.

WHEN YOU ASK THE TRUMP CAMPAIGN ABOUT WHETHER THEY'RE GOING TO DO THAT, THE TRUMP CAMPAIGN DOESN'T ANSWER THE QUESTION AND SAYS THAT FORMER PRESIDENT TRUMP IS A SUPPORTER OF STATES' RIGHTS.

SO WE'RE KIND OF IN A SCENARIO WHERE PATIENTS AND DOCTORS DON'T KNOW HOW THESE LAWS ARE GOING TO BE INTERPRETED, AND WE DON'T KNOW WHAT FORMER PRESIDENT TRUMP WOULD DO IF HE'S GIVEN A SECOND TERM BECAUSE HIS FORMER OFFICIALS ARE SAYING HE ACTUALLY HAS THIS BACK DOOR BAN THAT DOESN'T REQUIRE CONGRESS.

HIS CAMPAIGN ISN'T WEIGHING IN ONE WAY OR ANOTHER.

SO WE'RE KIND OF ALL IN THE DARK ABOUT WHAT A SECOND TRUMP ADMINISTRATION WOULD MEAN, WHETHER IT WOULD MEAN MORE OF THE STATUS QUO, WHICH HAS BEEN KIND OF THIS STATE BY STATE CHAOS, OR IF IT WOULD MEAN SOME KIND OF EFFORT TO HAVE A NATIONWIDE ZOMBIE LAW LIKE ARIZONA'S IMPOSED ON STATES WITH PROTECTIONS FOR ABORTION RIGHTS IN STATES THAT DON'T HAVE PROTECTION FOR ABORTION RIGHTS BECAUSE THE TRUMP CAMPAIGN ISN'T EXPLAINING WHICH OF THOSE POSITIONS IS RIGHT, WON'T ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS DIRECTLY.

>> THERE ARE SOME REPUBLICANS LIKE LINDSEY GRAHAM THAT SAY THE FORMER PRESIDENT IS JUST WRONG ON THIS.

THERE SHOULD BE A FEDERAL LAW WITH A 15-WEEK BAN.

FROM YOUR PERSPECTIVE, JUST THE LIKELIHOOD THAT YOU THINK SOMETHING LIKE THAT COULD ACTUALLY HAPPEN.

>> WELL, I THINK THE LIKELIHOOD OF CONGRESS PASSING ANYTHING LIKE A 15-WEEK BAN IS PRETTY MUCH ZERO, WHICH IS WHY IN PART I DON'T THINK IT MADE SENSE POLITICALLY FROM TRUMP'S STANDPOINT TO ENDORSE A BAN THAT'S NEVER GOING TO PASS.

I THINK THAT'S WHY YOU'VE SEEN THE SORT OF SMARTER CONSERVATIVES LIKE THE GROUPS IN THE HERITAGE FOUNDATION AND PROJECT 2025 SAYING THE ONLY WAY WE'RE GOING TO GET A NATIONWIDE BAN IS THROUGH A LAW THAT'S ALREADY ON THE BOOKS THAT WE'RE REINTERPRETING OR REINVENTING AS A BAN.

THE ODDS OF CONGRESSIONAL ACTION, I THINK, ARE VERY LOW.

>> AND WHAT ABOUT ALABAMA?

BECAUSE WE SEE THE TENTACLES OF THIS EXTENDING FAR BEYOND JUST ABORTION.

IT'S EVEN INTO IVF AND AREAS WHERE NOW AN EMBRYO IS VIEWED AS A LIVE PERSON, AND WE SAW THE CHAOS THAT ENSUED FOLLOWING THAT.

REPUBLICANS AND DEMOCRATS HAVE REALLY BENEFITED OVER THE YEARS FROM IVF.

THERE WAS AN ATTEMPT PERHAPS TO CODIFY THAT IN CONGRESS.

THAT DIDN'T HAPPEN.

I MEAN THAT'S JUST ONE EXAMPLE.

DO YOU EXPECT MORE IN OTHER STATES?

IF NOT IVF, THEN OTHER UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES FROM THE OVERTURNING OF ROE?

>> YES.

SO THE U.S. ANTI-ABORTION MOVEMENT WAS NOT FOCUSED ON TAKING DOWN ROE.

IT WAS FOCUSED IN A BIGGER PICTURE WAY ON THE RECOGNITION OF THE IDEA THAT EMBRYOS AND FETUSES ARE PERSONS WITH CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS.

AND THAT WAS KIND OF THE THRUST OF THE ALABAMA RULING.

IT WAS A LITTLE NARROWER.

IT WAS THAT EMBRYOS HAD RIGHTS IN THE CONTEXT OF WRONGFUL DEATH.

BUT THE COURT'S REASONING WAS MUCH BROADER AND SUGGESTED THAT EMBRYOS AND FETUSES JUST HAD RIGHTS ACROSS THE BOARD, FULL STOP.

IF THAT'S RIGHT, THAT RAISES LOTS OF OTHER QUESTIONS, NOT JUST ABOUT IVF.

FOR EXAMPLE, IF MANY CONSERVATIVES BELIEVE THAT COMMON CONTRACEPTIVES LIKE THE BIRTH CONTROL PILL OR THE MORNING AFTER PILL ARE -- THAT WOULD VIOLATE FETUS RIGHTS.

WE'VE SEEN SOME IN THE ANTI-ABORTION MOVEMENT ASKING WHY THEY CAN'T PUNISH WOMEN AND OTHER ABORTION SEEKERS BECAUSE WOMEN AND OTHER ABORTION SEEKERS ARE PUNISHED FOR OTHER HOMICIDE OFFENSES.

THERE ARE A LOT OF POSSIBILITIES HERE'S BECAUSE IF AN EMBRYO OR A FETUS IS A PERSON, THEY'RE A PERSON FOR ALL PURPOSES, NOT JUST THE CONTEXT OF ABORTION.

I THINK WE'LL HAVE TO STAY TUNED, BUT THIS IS SORT OF A PANDORA'S BOX IN MANY WAYS.

>> A PANDORA'S BOX WHICH CREATED A PATCHWORK OF DIFFERENT SCENARIOS AND LAWS IN VARIOUS STATES.

IF WE COULD PUT UP A GRAPHIC OF THE UNITED STATES JUST IN TERMS OF WHAT WE'VE SEEN FOLLOWING THE OVERTURNING OF ROE, YOU HAVE 21 STATES THAT BAN ABORTION OR RESTRICT THE PROCEDURE EARLIER IN PREGNANCIES NOW THAN THE STANDARD THAT HAD BEEN SET AND HAD BEEN THE LAW OF THE LAND BY ROE.

14 STATES HAVE FULL BANS IN ALMOST ALL CIRCUMSTANCES.

TWO HAVE BANS AFTER SIX WEEKS.

WE KNOW ON MONDAY, FLORIDA'S SUPREME COURT ALLOWED A SIX-WEEK BAN TO GO SOON INTO EFFECT, BUT VOTERS WILL GET TO WEIGH IN ON THAT ISSUE IN THE FALL.

AND THERE IS HOPE THAT THE SAME WILL BE THE CASE IN ARIZONA.

WITH ABORTION ON THE BALLOT NOW, DO YOU SEE THIS AS A POTENTIAL GAME-CHANGER AND SOLUTION?

>> POTENTIALLY, RIGHT?

SO BALLOT INITIATIVES HAVE BEEN SIGNIFICANT SO FAR.

ALL OF THEM THAT HAVE BEEN ON THE BALLOT SINCE DOBBS HAVE PASSED.

WE'VE SEEN SEVERAL IN PLACES LIKE MICHIGAN AND OHIO CREATE PRETTY BROAD REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS THAT TRUMPED SOME LAWS ON THE BOOKS.

MICHIGAN, TOO, HAD AN OLDER LAW THAT WAS UNDONE POTENTIALLY BY THIS BALLOT INITIATIVE.

THE REASON IT ISN'T A PERFECT FIX NECESSARILY IS, ONE, NOT EVERY STATE HAS A MECHANISM FOR VOTERS TO INITIATE THIS KIND OF MEASURE.

AND, TWO, CONSERVATIVES ARE ALREADY AWARE OF THIS AND ARE TRYING TO FIND BACK-DOORWAYS TO GET A FEDERAL BAN THAT WOULD OVERRIDE ANY STATE PROTECTIONS, WHICH IS WHERE THIS COMSTOCK ACT IDEA COMES IN.

ESSENTIALLY JONATHAN MITCHELL, WHO REPRESENTED FORMER PRESIDENT TRUMP IN HIS DISQUALIFICATION CASE BEFORE THE SUPREME COURT, SAID TO "THE NEW YORK TIMES," YOU KNOW, WE DON'T NEED A BAN BECAUSE WE HAVE THE COMSTOCK ACT.

THE COMSTOCK ACT CAN BE INTERPRETED AS A BAN THAT OVERRIDES WHATEVER PROTECTION VOTERS PUT IN PLACE IN THEIR OWN STATES.

SO I THINK THE BALLOT INITIATIVES ARE INCREDIBLY IMPORTANT, DEFINITELY A POSSIBLE GAME-CHANGER, BUT NOT WITHOUT POTENTIAL PITFALLS.

>> WE KNOW OBVIOUSLY THAT THERE ARE REAL-LIFE CONSEQUENCES AND IMPACTS FROM THESE LAWS, PRIMARILY WOMEN AND FAMILIES WHO DON'T HAVE THE RESOURCES TO TRAVEL TO ANOTHER STATE.

THE FACT THAT THEY'D EVEN HAVE TO SPEAKS VOLUMES.

BUT LET'S JUST GIVE ONE EXAMPLE.

THERE'S KATIE COX.

SHE SUED IN TEXAS FOR THE RIGHT TO OBTAIN AN ABORTION AFTER SHE LEARNED THAT HER FETUS HAD A RARE GENETIC DISORDER.

SHE EVENTUALLY HAD TO LEAVE THE STATE FOR CARE.

LISTEN TO WHAT SHE TOLD NBC NEWS ABOUT THE IMPACT OF THAT.

>> THERE'S STILL -- WE'RE GOING THROUGH THE LOSS OF A CHILD.

THERE'S NO OUTCOME HERE THAT I TAKE HOME MY HEALTHY BABY GIRL, YOU KNOW.

SO IT'S HARD, YOU KNOW.

>> TALK ABOUT THE EMOTIONAL TRAUMA AND TOLL THAT THIS IS HAVING ON WOMEN, ON FAMILIES, AND IT'S VERY SIMPLE TO JUST SAY THIS IS PEOPLE WHO ARE LOOKING FOR AN ABORTION, FULL STOP.

I MEAN A LOT OF THESE WOMEN HAVE SUFFERED UNIMAGINABLY.

THEY MAY WANT TO CONTINUE TO HAVE CHILDREN IN THE FUTURE AND NOW CAN'T BECAUSE OF THE RISKS THAT THEY TAKE BY LEAVING, BY SEEKING CARE ELSEWHERE.

JUST GIVE US SOME OF THAT.

>> YEAH.

I MEAN I THINK ONE OF THE THINGS WE'VE SEEN IS THAT WHEN YOU HAVE AN ABORTION BAN IN PLACE, THE MEANING OF ABORTION ISN'T CLEAR.

STATES ARE NOT USING MEDICAL DEFINITIONS, AND IN PART WHAT THAT MEANS IS PEOPLE WITH WANTED PREGNANCIES WHO ARE EXPERIENCING PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS OR STILL BIRTH OR MISCARRIAGE ARE FINDING THEMSELVES UNABLE TO GET TREATMENT TOO BECAUSE PHYSICIANS DON'T WANT TO LOSE THEIR MEDICAL LICENSES.

THEY DON'T WANT TO GO TO PRISON FOR ANYWHERE BETWEEN FIVE YEARS UP TO LIFE IN PRISON IN STATES LIKE TEXAS WHERE KATE COX WAS LOCATED.

THE UPSHOT OF THAT IS THAT PEOPLE ARE BEING TURNED AWAY AND EXPERIENCING COMPLICATIONS THAT, YOU KNOW, AFFECT THEIR HEALTH, THEIR FUTURE FERTILITY, AND THEIR LIVES.

THE OTHER UPSHOT IS THAT PHYSICIANS DON'T WANT TO DEAL WITH THESE SCENARIOS, RIGHT?

THEY DON'T WANT TO BE FACED WITH PATIENTS LIKE KATE COX WHERE THEY'RE BEING FORCED TO CHOOSE BETWEEN THEIR LIBERTY OR THEIR MEDICAL LICENSE ON THE ONE HAND AND DENYING NEEDED CARE ON THE OTHER.

SO WE'VE BEGUN TO SEE A FLIGHT OF PHYSICIANS, ESPECIALLY OBSTETRICIANS AND GIENOLOGISTS, FROM STATES WITH THESE KIND OF PROHIBITIONS.

PARTICULARLY IN RURAL AREAS.

THAT HAS EFFECTS TOO BECAUSE THEY'RE HAVING A HARDER TIME FINDING A PHYSICIAN TO TREAT THEM AT ALL, EVEN WHEN THEY'RE NOT EXPERIENCING THESE PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS.

SO ONE OF THE THINGS WE'VE SEEN IS THAT THESE BANS AFFECT PEOPLE WHO ARE SEEKING ABORTIONS TO BE SURE BUT ALSO PEOPLE WHO AREN'T, RIGHT?

PEOPLE WHO MAY BE EXPERIENCING ANYTHING ELSE RELATED TO PREGNANCY.

>> MARY ZIEGLER, WE APPRECIATE THE TIME AND YOUR EXPERTISE.

THANK YOU.

>> THANKS FOR HAVING ME.

>>> WE TURN NOW TO A BRUTAL CONFLICT OVERLOOKED BY MOST OF THE WORLD.

NEXT WEEK, IT'S HARD TO BELIEVE, SUDAN MARKS A YEAR OF CIVIL WAR.

A CONFLICT THAT HAS SEEN SOME 16,000 PEOPLE KILLED AND MORE THAN 8 MILLION DISPLACED SINCE LAST APRIL.

THAT'S WHEN HEAVY FIGHTING FIRST BROKE OUT BETWEEN THE SUDANESE ARMY AND THE PARAMILITARY RAPID SUPPORT FORCES, ALSO KNOWN AS RSF.

WELL, NEXT WEEK, MINISTERS FROM ACROSS THE WORLD WILL GATHER IN PARIS TO RAISE MONEY FOR THOSE IMPACTED BY THE DISASTER.

THE UNITED NATIONS HAS CALLED FOR $2.7 BILLION IN AID, OF WHICH IT'S ONLY RECEIVED SOME 6% SO FAR.

SO HOW GREAT IS THE NEED ONE YEAR IN, AND WHAT CAN BE DONE TO MAKE THE WORLD PAY MORE ATTENTION?

JOINING ME NOW ON THIS IS TOM PERRIELLO, THE U.S. SPECIAL ENVOY FOR SUDAN.

TOM, WELCOME TO THE SHOW FROM WASHINGTON, D.C. FIRST GIVE US JUST A STATUS UPDATE ON WHERE THINGS STAND IN SUDAN.

WHO, IF ANYONE, IS IN CONTROL OF THAT COUNTRY RIGHT NOW?

>> THE SITUATION INSIDE SUDAN IS TRULY HORRIFIC.

WE HAVE FIGHTING THAT'S ACTUALLY ESCALATED JUST IN THE LAST DAY, IN THE LAST FEW WEEKS.

WE HAVE BOTH SIDES USING STARVATION AT A WEAPON OF WAR.

WE SEE COUNTLESS CASES OF SEXUAL ABUSE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS, FORCED RECRUITMENT.

THIS IS A SITUATION WHERE A CIVIL WAR IS REALLY BORDERING ON A FAILED STATE AT THIS POINT, AND WE NEED TO DO MUCH MORE BOTH TO PROTECT THOSE INSIDE.

BUT EVEN WHERE SUDANESE ARE ABLE TO ESCAPE AND MAKE IT TO THE CHAD REFUGEE CAMPS, FOR EXAMPLE, WHERE I WAS A WEEK AGO, EVEN THERE WE HAVEN'T GOTTEN ENOUGH HUMANITARIAN AID TO BE ABLE TO PROVIDE FULL NOURISH NLT.

SO WE HAVE KIDS GOING HUNGRY AND BEING MALNOURISHED AND SPREAD OF DISEASE.

MEANWHILE, THE WORLD HAS PUT ALMOST NO ATTENTION ON THIS CRISIS.

SO ON THIS ANNIVERSARY, IT'S SO IMPORTANT FOR THE WORLD TO STEP UP AND GIVE THE KIND OF SUPPORT THAT IS NEEDED FOR THE SCALE OF THIS CRISIS.

>> AND YOU MENTIONED SCALE.

THIS IS THE WORLD'S LARGEST DISPLACEMENT CRISIS.

NEARLY 1.8 MILLION REFUGEES, AS YOU SAID, HAVE NOW ESCAPED TO CHAD, EGYPT, ETHIOPIA, SOUTH SUDAN.

WHY IS THIS NOT GETTING THE ATTENTION IT DESERVES FROM THE WORLD?

>> WE KNOW THAT IT ISN'T.

CERTAINLY SOME OF THAT HAS TO DO WITH RACE AND OTHER FACTORS.

BUT EVEN BEFORE OCTOBER 7th, WE WERE NOT SEEING ATTENTION ON THIS WAR FROM ENOUGH QUARTERS.

THE U.S. HAS PLAYED A STRONG LEADERSHIP ROLE BOTH ON THE HUMANITARIAN SIDE AND IN PUSHING FOR A NEGOTIATING PLATFORM EARLIER IN THE JETTA PROCESS AND NOW.

BUT WE SEE TENS OF MILLIONS WHO ARE DISPLACED AND ON THE RUN.

THIS IS QUICKLY BECOMING A REGIONAL CRISIS AS THESE REFUGEE POPULATIONS GROW, AS MORE ACTORS COME INTO THE CONFLICT, NEGATIVE ACTORS, INCLUDING FOREIGN FIGHTERS BEING RECRUITED FROM ACROSS THE SAHEL.

SO FIRST AND FOREMOST, THIS IS A HUMANITARIAN DISASTER.

BUT IT'S ALSO A STRATEGIC THREAT AT THIS POINT, AND THAT'S WHERE WE SEE A LITTLE BIT OF HOPE IN THE AMOUNT OF INCREASED DIPLOMATIC ENERGY FROM KEY AFRICAN PARTNERS, MULTILATERAL PARTNERS, AND OTHERS IN THE REGION WHO UNDERSTAND WE ARE HURTLING TO A SITUATION THAT IS TRULY OUT OF CONTROL, AND WE NEED TO GET PEOPLE TO THE PEACE TABLE AND GIVE THE SUDANESE THEIR FUTURE BACK.

>> YOU RECENTLY SAID THAT SCHEDULED TALKS FOR APRIL 18th IN JEDDAH WILL NOT HAPPEN.

WHY NOT?

>> WELL, WE ARE ALREADY IN THE PROCESS OF NEGOTIATING.

THE SAUDIS HAVE AGREED TO HOST THE JEDDAH TALKS AGAIN WITH A MORE INCLUSIVE SET OF ACTORS, KEY ACTORS, INCLUDING AFRICAN COUNTERPARTS AND OTHERS IN THE GULF.

WE HOPE THAT THEY WILL SET A DATE FOR THAT VERY SOON.

BUT WE'RE NOT WAITING FOR THOSE TALKS TO BE INCREASING OUR DIPLOMATIC PRESSURE.

EVERY DAY IN OUR VISITS TO KEY CAPITALS, IN OUR CONVERSATIONS WITH PARTNERS, WE KNOW THAT NOW IS THE TIME TO BE NEGOTIATING, AND WE ARE.

AND THIS IS A QUESTION OF POLITICAL WILL.

AND IF THE ACTORS INSIDE DON'T HAVE THAT POLITICAL WILL TO FORM PEACE, WE KNOW THE SUDANESE PEOPLE DO.

AND WE NEED ENOUGH OF OUR PARTNERS FROM AROUND THE REGION TO COME TOGETHER TO BE ABLE TO COMPEL THAT DEAL.

JUST FIVE YEARS AGO, THE SUDANESE PEOPLE THREW OFF THE BASHIR REGIME, INSPIRED THE WORLD WITH A YOUTH AND WOMEN-LED MOVEMENT TO DEMAND A DEMOCRATIC FUTURE.

AND HERE FIVE YEARS LATER, WE SEE THESE TWO FIGHTING FORCES STEALING THAT FUTURE FROM THE PEOPLE.

THEY WANT IT BACK, AND WE SHOULD STAND WITH THEM.

>> THERE ARE COMPETING INTERESTS HERE NOW OBVIOUSLY, AS YOU MENTIONED, AMONG INTERNATIONAL PLAYERS -- THE U.S., RUSSIA, SAUDI ARABIA, THE UAE, AND EGYPT, FOR MORE INFLUENCE REALLY IN THE COUNTRY AT THIS POINT.

EGYPT HAS HISTORICALLY SUPPORTED THE SAF.

THE UAE SIDING WITH THE RSF.

DO YOU THINK THAT'S ACTUALLY COMPLICATING THE SITUATION MORE THAN IT IS HELPING?

>> WE DEFINITELY HAVE SOME KEY ACTORS WHO HAVE MADE THIS SITUATION FAR WORSE.

WE HAVE SEEN THE EGYPTIANS LEANING IN TO PEACE EFFORTS RECENTLY AND BRINGING SOME OF THE BELLIGERENT ACTORS TOGETHER, AND WE THINK THAT'S CONSTRUCTIVE.

BUT OTHERS THAT ARE ARMING AND FUELING THIS CONFLICT NOT ONLY ARE DOING GREAT HARM TO THEMSELVES IN THE EYES OF THE SUDANESE PEOPLE, AT THIS POINT IT'S SOMETHING THAT'S CREATING INSTABILITY THAT WILL HARM EVERYONE.

NOBODY IN THE REGION WILL BENEFIT FROM THIS BECOMING A MORE PROTRACTED, A MORE ETHNIC, AND A MORE REGIONAL WAR, WHICH IS WHERE IT'S HEADED.

AND EVERYBODY CAN BENEFIT FROM A STABLE SUDAN THAT'S BACK IN CIVILIAN HANDS WITH A BRIGHT FUTURE THAT CAN BENEFIT -- HAVE MANY POSITIVE BENEFITS FOR THE WHOLE REGION.

NOW IS THE TIME FOR THOSE WHO HAVE BEEN FUELING THE CONFLICT TO JOIN US AS PARTNERS IN PEACE.

WE APPRECIATE THAT SOME OF THOSE EFFORTS FROM THE EGYPTIANS AND OTHERS CAN CONTRIBUTE INTO THE JEDDAH PROCESS THAT WE HOPE WILL COME TOGETHER IN THE COMING WEEKS AND THAT THE GATHERING OF DONOR NATIONS IN PARIS ON THE ANNIVERSARY WILL ALSO SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASE THE HUMANITARIAN SUPPORT THAT WE NEED INSTANTLY IN ORDER TO TRY TO GET FOOD AND MEDICINE TO THOSE WHO DESPERATELY NEED IT.

>> PUT SOME FACES, PUT SOME REAL-LIFE STORIES AND IMPACT TO THIS DEVASTATING SITUATION RIGHT NOW.

I MEAN AS WE'VE SAID, 16,000 PEOPLE HAVE BEEN KILLED.

18 MILLION PEOPLE FACE ACUTE FOOD SHORTAGES.

GIVE US THE REALITY ON THE GROUND WITH THIS IMPACT.

>> SO I WAS RECENTLY AT THE BORDER IN CHAD, AND AS YOU SEE HUNDREDS OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN FLEEING ACROSS THE BORDER, THEY'RE ASKED WHY IS IT THAT THEY'VE COME INTO CHAD.

AND THE ANSWER IN EVERY INTERVIEW WAS HUNGER.

IT WAS A LACK OF FOOD.

THEN YOU GO INTO THE CAMPS, AND YOU'RE MEETING WITH YOUNG WOMEN WHO HAVE FACED REPEATED RAPE AND SEXUAL ASSAULT FROM THE RSF AND OTHERS INSIDE.

AND THEY TALK ABOUT NOT ONLY EXPERIENCING THESE HORRORS, BUT THEN WHEN THEY FINALLY ESCAPE, THEY ASSUME THAT THE WORLD HAS HEARD ABOUT IT AND BEEN OUTRAGED BY IT.

AND WHAT THEY SEE IS SILENCE.

THEY SEE THAT IN TOO MUCH OF THE WESTERN WORLD AND IN THE AFRICAN PRESS AND THE GULF AREAS, AND THAT'S WHY I THINK ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT THINGS WE CAN DO NOW IS SHOW THAT WE ARE SEEING THEM, THAT WE ARE HEARING THEM, AND THAT WE ARE RESPONDING WITH HUMANITARIAN AID AND PRESSURE TO END THE WAR.

WE HAVE A GENERATION OF YOUNG SUDANESE THAT ARE JUST DOING INCREDIBLE, COURAGEOUS, INNOVATIVE WORK WITH THESE EMERGENCY RESPONSE ROOMS, FINDING WAYS THROUGH CREATING CASH APPS AND LOCAL KITCHENS TO GET SUPPORT INTO AREAS THAT ARE UNDER HORRIFIC CONDITIONS.

THEY ARE NOT GIVING UP ON THEIR NEIGHBORS.

THEY'RE NOT GIVING UP ON THEIR COUNTRY.

SO IN ADDITION TO THE ALMOST SOUL-CRUSHING HORRORS THAT YOU HEAR, YOU ALSO SEE A RESILIENCE AND A COURAGE THAT I HOPE EVERYONE IN THE WORLD WILL SEE AND BE INSPIRED TO JOIN AND FIND WAYS TO SUPPORT THE SUDANESE PEOPLE.

>> WELL, I HOPE MORE NEWS ORGANIZATIONS WILL BE CONDUCTING INTERVIEWS LIKE THIS WITH YOU BECAUSE IT'S SO IMPORTANT FOR THE WORLD TO BE COVERING THIS, FOR THEM TO BE SEEING THESE IMAGES AND TO KNOW HOW MANY ACTORS ARE NOW INVOLVED THAT DON'T HAVE THE INTERESTS OF THE SUDANESE PEOPLE, OF THESE CHILDREN, OF THEIR FUTURES, AND THEY HAVE THEIR OWN INTERESTS REALLY AT STAKE.

AND THAT BRINGS ME TO RUSSIA.

WHAT, IF ANY, ROLE IS RUSSIA PLAYING NOW?

THE WAGNER GROUP OBVIOUSLY YEVGENY PRIGOZHIN'S PRIVATE ARMY IN THE PAST HAD SUPPORTED THE RSF IN THIS CIVIL WAR.

HE IS NO LONGER ALIVE, AND IT LOOKS LIKE THERE'S BEEN SOME RECONSTITUTING OF THE WAGNER GROUP.

WHAT IS THE SITUATION RIGHT NOW AS IT INVOLVES RUSSIA AND THEIR ROLE?

>> WELL, ONE OF THE ISSUES IS THAT IN THE WESTERN PART OF THE COUNTRY, THERE'S BEEN AN ENORMOUS AMOUNT OF GOLD, AND A LOT OF THAT GOLD TRADE HAS GONE OUT TO AND BENEFITED BOTH THE UAE AND RUSSIA.

AND THAT HAS LED TO A HISTORY WITH THE RSF, WHICH ALSO WAS A PAID MERCENARY FORCE FOR THE EMIRATIS IN THE WAR AGAINST YEMEN.

AND I THINK PEOPLE HAVE -- COUNTRIES HAVE TAKEN ADVANTAGE OF A SITUATION IN WHICH THOSE TRADES WERE NOT GOING THROUGH LEGITIMATE MEANS.

BUT I THINK AT THIS POINT, THEY ARE PLAYING WITH FIRE.

I THINK THIS IS A SITUATION IN WHICH THE FIGHTING IS GETTING TO A LEVEL OF NOT JUST INTENSITY BUT COMPLEXITY IN TERMS OF FOREIGN ACTORS.

THAT REALLY DOES RISK STABILITY THAT WILL COST ALL OF THOSE INVOLVED.

SO WE THINK IT IS IMPORTANT FOR FOREIGN ACTORS TO STEP BACK FROM FUELING THIS CONFLICT AND BECOME A BIG PART OF THE PEACE PROCESS OR AT LEAST DO NO HARM.

WE ALSO SEE AN INCREASED REPORTING OF FOREIGN FIGHTERS FROM ACROSS THE SAHEL, FIGHTING WITH THE RSF AND OTHER REPORTS.

AND I THINK THAT THIS IS A TIME FOR COOLER HEADS IN THE REGION TO PREVAIL AND SAY THAT THIS IS NOT A PLACE WHERE WE CAN AFFORD A FAILED STATE OF THE SCALE OF 50 MILLION PEOPLE IN A KEY STRATEGIC AREA OF THE SAHEL.

AND ALSO THE SOLUTION HERE IS POSSIBLE.

THE SUDANESE PEOPLE HAVE TOLD US THE FUTURE THEY WANT.

THEY FOUGHT FOR IT PEACEFULLY FIVE YEARS AGO, AND GETTING BACK ON THAT PATH IS A SITUATION AGAIN THAT CAN HAVE GREAT BENEFITS.

BUT WHAT'S IMPORTANT HERE WITH THIS ANNIVERSARY IS NOT JUST THAT THE WORLD TUNES IN FOR ONE DAY.

THIS NEEDS TO BE A CONSTANT, ESCALATING LEVEL OF ATTENTION AND SUPPORT FROM AROUND THE WORLD.

THE U.S. HAS CERTAINLY STEPPED UP IN A MAJOR WAY.

IT'S AN ISSUE THAT'S GOT STRONG BIPARTISAN SUPPORT IN CONGRESS, TO BE ENGAGED IN SUPPORTING THE PEOPLE OF SUDAN.

WE WANT TO SEE MORE PARTNERS JOIN US IN THAT PROCESS.

>> HOW OPTIMISTIC ARE YOU ABOUT THE DAY-AFTER PLAN IN THE FUTURE?

PERHAPS THERE IS A BIT TOO MUCH NAIVETY AFTER THE OUSTER OF AL BASHIR AFTER HIS DICTATORSHIP, MULTI-YEAR DICTATORSHIP IN THE COUNTRY, THAT THERE WOULD BE MORE TRANQUILITY AND PEACE.

CLEARLY THAT'S NOT THE RESULT RIGHT NOW.

HOW OPTIMISTIC ARE YOU THAT THERE WILL BE A FORESEEABLE, LASTING PEACE AT SOME POINT SOONER RATHER THAN LATER?

>> I THINK THAT IF WE CAN GET NEGATIVE ACTORS TO GET OUT OF THE WAY, THE SUDANESE PEOPLE HAVE A VERY BRIGHT FUTURE AHEAD OF THEM.

I THINK THEY ALREADY DID A LOT OF THE WORK, AND NO COUNTRY, INCLUDING OUR OWN, GETS IT RIGHT THE FIRST TIME IN TERMS OF BUILDING OUT DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS.

AND SO LEARNING FROM THAT AND CONTINUING TO INVEST OVER MANY YEARS IN STRONGER DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS THROUGH THIS CONSTITUTIONAL TRANSITION THAT NEEDS TO BE RESTORED AND BEYOND, AND WE NEED -- THE SUDANESE PEOPLE ARE VERY CLEAR THAT THEY WANT AN ARMY.

THEY WANT A STRONG, PROFESSIONAL, INTEGRATED AND ACCOUNTABLE ARMY.

AND SO THOSE ARE INSTITUTIONS THAT NEED TO BE GROWN AND STRENGTHENED OVER MUCH TIME.

SO WE NEED THE WORLD TO TUNE IN NOW AND PAY MUCH MORE ATTENTION AND THEN NOT STOP PAYING ATTENTION IF WE'RE LUCKY ENOUGH TO GET A DEAL.

SO I TAKE HOPE FROM THE YOUNG PEOPLE AND THE WOMEN THAT I TALK TO, WHO HAVE NO CHOICE BUT TO HOPE BECAUSE IT'S THEIR FAMILIES.

IT'S THEIR LIFE.

IT'S THEIR FUTURE, AND WE CAN'T BUT HOPE THAT THEY CAN HAVE JUST THE MINIMUM LEVEL OF DIGNITY AND SECURITY THAT WE WOULD ALL WANT FOR OUR OWN FAMILIES.

>> AND SADLY HOPE IS NOT ENOUGH, AND THAT IS WHY PEOPLE LIKE YOU ARE DOING ALL YOU CAN TO RAISE THE ATTENTION OF THE WORLD ON THIS CRISIS.

TOM PERRIELLO, THANK YOU FOR JOINING US.

PLEASE COME BACK.

>> THANK YOU FOR COVERING THIS.

>>> WELL, NOW OUR NEXT GUEST IS MAKING A SPLASH IN POPULAR CULTURE.

THE WORK OF PERCIVAL EVERETT WAS PLUNGED INTO THE SPOTLIGHT WHEN HIS NOVEL, "ERASURE," HIT THE BIG SCREEN IN THE MOVIE ADAPTATION, "AMERICAN FICTION."

>> LOOK AT WHAT THEY PUBLISHED.

LOOK AT WHAT THEY EXPECT US TO WRITE.

I JUST WANT TO RUB THEIR NOSES IN IT.

>> YOU SAID YOU WANTED BLACK STUFF.

>> THAT'S BLACK, RIGHT?

>> I SEE WHAT YOU'RE DOING.

>> BITING SATIRE OF RACIAL STEREOTYPES IN THE LITERARY WORLD.

"AMERICAN FICTION" TOOK HOME THE OSCAR FOR BEST ADAPT THE SCREENPLAY.

EVERETT IS NOW BACK WITH A NEW BOOK, THIS TIME SETTING HIS SIGHTS ON A DEEPER LOOK AT LITERATURE ITSELF.

JAMES KWIEGS IS A RE-IMAGINING OF HUCKLEBERRY FINN.

EVERETT JOINS WALTER ISAACSON TO DISCUSS HOW HE GAVE THE ICONIC CHARACTER A POWERFUL NEW VOICE.

>> THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

AND PERCIVAL EVERETT, WELCOME TO THE SHOW.

>> WELL, THANK YOU FOR HAVING ME.

>> YOUR LATEST NOVEL -- YOU'VE DONE ALMOST A COUPLE DOZEN OF THEM, BUT THIS ONE IS REALLY POWERFUL.

IT'S A RETELLING OF THE STORY OF HUCKLEBERRY FINN DONE FROM THE EYES OF JIM, THE RUNAWAY SLAVE.

AND IT'S GOTTEN AMAZING REVIEWS.

I THINK "THE NEW YORK TIMES" SAID IT SHOULD COME BUNDLED WITH MARK TWAIN'S NOVEL.

TELL ME, YOU THINK MARK TWAIN COULD HAVE DONE IT?

>> MARK TWAIN WAS TELLING THE STORY OF HUCK, OF AN ADOLESCENT, A WHITE YOUTH THAT SENSIBLY REPRESENTS A YOUNG AMERICA.

BUT HE WAS NOT EQUIPPED TO WRITE JIM'S STORY.

AND I DON'T FAULT HIM FOR THIS.

THAT'S NOT THE NOVEL HE SET OUT TO WRITE AND A NOVEL HE WAS ILL-EQUIPPED TO WRITE.

>> FROM THE VERY TITLE OF THE BOOK, "JAMES," TO THE WONDERFUL CLOSING OF THE BOOK, IT'S ALL JAMES, NOT JIM, EVEN THOUGH THE WHITE PEOPLE IN THE BOOK CALL HIM JIM.

A LOVE THE CLOSING BECAUSE THEY ASKED HIM, ARE YOU THE RUNAWAY JIM?

HE SAYS, I AM JAMES.

AND THEN THEY SAY, JAMES WHAT?

AND HE SAYS, JUST JAMES.

HOW IMPORTANT WAS THAT CONCEPT TO YOU, THAT HE OWNED HIS NAME, JAMES, LIKE THAT?

>> WELL, NAMING IS AN IMPORTANT BUSINESS.

WE NAME OUR CHILDREN.

WE NAME PLACES IF WE GET THERE FIRST.

IT REPRESENTS NOT ONLY A CERTAIN POWER OVER THE WORLD THROUGH WHICH WE MOVE, BUT IT'S A MARKER OF OUR AGENCY.

>> HE'S THE MOST LITERATE OF ALL CHARACTERS I'VE READ ABOUT.

HE SNEAKS INTO A LIBRARY, I THINK, IN ORDER TO READ RUSSO AND VOLTAIRE, CHANNELS THE GREAT WRITERS LIKE THAT.

AND THERE'S A WONDERFUL LINE IN THE BOOK OR PASSAGE IF YOU DON'T MIND ME READING IT, WHICH IS WHEN HE'S ON THE RAFT WITH HUCKLEBERRY FINN, AND HE WANTS TO READ, BUT HE'S AFRAID OF WHITE PEOPLE SEEING HIM READ, I THINK.

AND HE SAYS, I REALLY WANTED TO READ.

THOUGH HUCK WAS ASLEEP, I COULD NOT CHANCE HIS WAKING AND DISCOVERING ME WITH MY FACE IN AN OPEN BOOK.

AND THEN I THOUGHT, HOW COULD HE KNOW I WAS ACTUALLY READING?

I COULD SIMPLY CLAIM TO BE STARING DUMBLY AT THE WORDS AND WONDERING WHAT IN THE WORLD THEY MEANT.

HOW COULD HE KNOW?

AT THAT MOMENT, THE POWER OF READING MADE ITSELF CLEAR AND REAL TO ME.

IF I COULD SEE THE WORDS, THEN NO ONE COULD CONTROL THEM OR WHAT I GOT FROM THEM.

THAT SEEMS ALMOST A THEME OF THIS BOOK.

EXPLAIN THAT TO ME.

>> READING IS PERHAPS THE MOST SUBVERSIVE THING WE CAN DO, AND IT IS SIMPLY BECAUSE NO ONE KNOWS WHAT THE WORDS ARE DOING TO US.

NO ONE CAN SEE HOW THEY COME INTO US, WHAT WE BRING TO A TEXT.

PERHAPS THE SECOND MOST SUBVERSIVE THING IS WRITING, BUT READING IS CERTAINLY SUBVERSIVE.

THIS IS THE REASON THAT FASCIST REGIMES RESORT TO BURNING BOOKS ALMOST IMMEDIATELY.

IT'S A FEAR OF NOT ONLY LITERACY BUT OF INFORMATION, KNOWLEDGE, AND CONTROL OF THE LANGUAGE.

IT'S AN ATTEMPT TO DENY PARTICIPATION IN A SOCIETY, IN THE CULTURE.

YEAH, IT PERSISTS NOW IN A CLASS WAY WHERE THERE ARE MANY PEOPLE WHO WANT AS UNEDUCATED A VOTING BODY AS THEY CAN HAVE.

CRITICAL THOUGHT IS IMPORTANT FOR A VIBRANT AND PROGRESSIVE CULTURE.

>> THERE IS SOMETHING VERY STRIKING IN THE BOOK, WHICH IS HE'S SO LITERATE.

AS I SAY, HE CHANNELS RUSSO AND VOLTAIRE AND OTHERS, AND YET WHEN HE SPEAKS TO WHITES, HE SPEAKS IN A DIALECT.

HE SPEAKS IN THE DIALECT SORT OF EXACTLY LIKE MARK TWAIN DID.

AND IT'S WEIRD BECAUSE HE KIND OF UNDERSTANDS THAT HE HAS TO DO THAT TO SORT OF PRETEND NOT TO BE LITERATE.

>> WELL, YES.

THE SLAVES IN THE NOVEL AND NO DOUBT IN HISTORY HAD TO COMPLY WITH THE EXPECTATIONS OF BEHAVIOR THAT WHITES HAD OF THEM.

OTHERWISE, THEY WERE THREATENING.

AND JAMES, HE ACTUALLY INSTRUCTS THE CHILDREN ABOUT NOT ONLY WHAT THEY -- THE LANGUAGE THEY CALL SLAVE, THE LANGUAGE THAT THE WHITE PEOPLE EXPECT TO HEAR, BUT THE BEHAVIOR AND THE ALLOWING THEIR OPPRESSORS TO FEEL SUPERIOR TO THEM.

>> YOU THINK THAT'S STILL AN ISSUE TODAY?

>> WELL, IT WAS AN ISSUE WELL INTO THE 20th CENTURY CERTAINLY WITH JIM CROW AND VIOLENCE.

AND GIVEN CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES WITH BLACK YOUTH DEALING WITH POLICE, YOU WOULD EXPECT PEOPLE TO WORRY ABOUT HOW THEY'RE GOING TO BE TREATED BY WHAT THEY SAY.

IT'S SAD BUT PROBABLY TRUE.

>> THERE'S A SCENE WHERE JAMES JOINS A MINSTREL TROUPE, AND HE ENDS UP WEARING BLACKFACE OVER WHITEFACE TO DESCRIBE HIMSELF AS A WHITE MAN PASSING AS A BLACK MAN.

TELL ME ABOUT THIS CONCEPT OF SHAPE SHIFTING AND WHY YOU WOVE IT INTO THIS BOOK.

>> AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20th CENTURY, ANTHROPOLOGISTS ACKNOWLEDGED THAT THE NOTION OF RACE, RACIAL DIFFERENCE, IS NOT LEGITIMATE AND IT DOES NOT EXIST.

HOWEVER, IN OUR CULTURE, THIS CONSTRUCTION, THIS BOGUS CONSTRUCTION, CONTINUES TO BE A DEFINING FEATURE NOT ONLY OF PEOPLE, BUT OF THE WAY WE BEHAVE TOWARDS EACH OTHER.

SO I'M CONSTANTLY FASCINATED BY THE FACT THAT WE HAVE A CONSTRUCTION THAT IS, AGAIN, COMPLETELY BOGUS, BUT IT DEFINES SO MUCH AND IS SO POWERFUL.

>> IN MARK TWAIN'S BOOK -- AND CORRECT ME IF YOU THINK I'M WRONG HERE -- HE TURNS JIM'S SUFFERING INTO SORT OF A NOBLE VIRTUE, THAT HE BECOMES ALMOST A MAGICAL NEGRO, I THINK, WAS THE WORD THAT SOME FAMOUS CRITIC USED.

AND YOU DON'T SEEM TO DO THAT.

YOU SEEM TO SHOW THAT HIS SUFFERING HARDENS HIM IN A CERTAIN WAY.

IS THAT RIGHT?

>> YES.

I CERTAINLY RESIST THAT TROPE OF THE MAGICAL NEGRO, THE INSCRUTABLE MYSTIC, THE EXOTIC.

JIM IS A -- JAMES IS A REAL PERSON.

>> THERE'S A LINE WHEN YOU'RE DOING THAT.

YOU SAY, WHERE DOES A SLAVE PUT HIS ANGER?

WHY DON'T YOU ANSWER THAT FOR ME IF YOU COULD?

>> WELL, MUCH OF THE FRUSTRATION THAT JAMES FEELS IS THE FACT THAT HE MUST SUPPRESS HIS TRUE FEELINGS IN ORDER TO NAVIGATE THE WORLD.

HE MUST SUPPRESS HIS TRUE FEELINGS AND HIS TRUE CHARACTER TO HAVE HIS FAMILY SAFE.

I THINK THAT WAS PROBABLY THE MOST DAMAGING AND THE MOST TRAGIC FEATURE OF THE INSTITUTION OF SLAVERY.

>> YOU SAY THAT JAMES, OR JIM AS HE'S CALLED IN THE MARK TWAIN NOVEL" HAS TO SUPPRESS HIS TRUE FEELINGS.

LET'S START WITH THE TWAIN NOVEL.

DOES JIM LIKE HUCK?

>> WELL, YES, AND JIM IS PROTECTIVE OF HUCK.

IN FACT, JIM IS THE ONLY CHARACTER THAT REALLY SURFACES AS A FATHER FIGURE FOR HUCK IN "THE ADVENTURES OF HUCKLEBERRY FINN".

>> AND WHAT ABOUT IN YOUR NOVEL?

WHAT DO YOU THINK JAMES FEELS ABOUT HUCK?

>> HE CERTAINLY HAS PROTECTIVE FEELINGS, IF FOR NO OTHER REASON THAN THAT HUCK IS A CHILD.

HE'S A FATHER.

HE HAS A DAUGHTER, AND HE FEELS THAT IT'S HIS PLACE AS AN ADULT MAN, EVEN THOUGH THE WORLD IS NOT VIEWING HIM AS SUCH, TO PROTECT THIS YOUTH.

>> YOU SAID OF TWAIN THAT HIS HUMOR AND HIS HUMANITY AFFECTED ME LONG BEFORE YOU EVEN BECAME A WRITER.

TELL ME HOW MARK TWAIN AFFECTED YOU.

>> WELL, CURIOUSLY, IT WASN'T THROUGH HUCK FINN AND CERTAINLY NOT TOM SAWYER.

THAT ONE I DIDN'T MUCH HAVE ANY AFFECTION FOR.

BUT LIFE IN MISSISSIPPI AND ROUGHING IT, TWAIN IS IRONIC, AND HIS HUMOR ARISES FROM HIS IRONY THROUGH HIS OBSERVATIONS ABOUT PEOPLE.

AND HE'S ALWAYS GENEROUS WITH PEOPLE.

HE'S NEVER -- HE'S SOMETIMES HARSH, BUT HIS AFFECTION FOR THE PEOPLE WHO ARE MOVING THROUGH THE WORLD THAT HE'S WRITING ABOUT IS ALWAYS PRESENT, AND I TAKE THAT TOO.

>> THE MOST FAMOUS OR GREATEST SCENE IN MARK TWAIN'S VERSION OF HUCKLEBERRY FINN IS THAT MOMENT WHERE HUCK IS THINKING OF WRITING A LETTER, TURNING IN JIM.

HE KNOWS JIM'S A RUNAWAY, AND HE KNOWS -- OR HUCK THINKS HE KNOWS THAT HE'S SUPPOSED TO TURN JIM IN.

I THINK HE WRITES A LETTER, AND THEN HE TEARS IT UP, AND HE REALIZES -- HE SAYS, WELL, I THINK HIS PHRASE IS, YOU KNOW, WELL, THEN, I'LL JUST GO TO HELL AND DO IT.

IN YOUR BOOK, YOU HAVE A SIMILAR SORT OF SCENE IN WHICH AIN'T I DOING SOMETHING WRONG, HUCK ASKS JAMES?

AM I SUPPOSED TO KNOW WHAT GOOD IS?

AND JAMES SAYS, IF YOU HAVE TO HAVE A RULE THAT TELLS YOU WHAT'S GOING, THEN YOU CAN'T BE GOOD.

HOW DID YOU ADDRESS THAT WORLD-FAMOUS SCENE OF HUCK DECIDING NOT TO TURN IN JIM AND THEN DOING IT IN YOUR OWN WAY LIKE THIS?

>> WELL, IN ORDER TO WRITE THIS NOVEL, I HAD TO, IN A WAY, FORGET IT.

AND MY WAY OF DOING THAT WAS I READ HUCK FINN 15 TIMES IN A ROW.

I WOULD FINISH IT AND THEN START AGAIN, AND THAT WAS TO CREATE A BLUR OF STORY.

I READ IT UNTIL I WAS SICK OF IT, UNTIL I ACTUALLY COULDN'T RECALL ANYTHING CLEARLY.

THEN I HAVEN'T LOOKED AT IT SINCE THEN.

THEN I STARTED WRITING.

AND WHAT I WAS ABLE TO DO WITH THAT EXERCISE WAS THE WORLD BECAME REAL TO ME AND NOT THE TEXT.

AND SO THE WORLD GENERATES THE SITUATION.

THAT'S A PIVOTAL MOMENT IN HUCK FINN BECAUSE IT HAS TO BE.

THIS IS WHERE THESE CHARACTERS ARE BEING LED.

AND LIKEWISE, AS I INHABIT THIS WORLD, I HAD TO COME TO SOME POINT LIKE THAT MYSELF.

AND BECAUSE I WASN'T WED TO THE TEXT, IT WAS A FUNCTION OF THE STORY THAT I WAS TELLING.

>> TELL ME HOW YOUR OWN PERSONAL BACKGROUND PLAYED INTO YOUR OWN HERITAGE, I THINK STARTING WITH YOUR GRANDFATHER WINNING A COIN TOSS TO GO TO MEDICAL COLLEGE, GROWING UP IN TEXAS, SOUTH CAROLINA.

HOW DID THAT INFLUENCE YOUR PERSPECTIVE?

>> WELL, IT HELPED THAT I'M FAMILIAR WITH THE SOUTH.

I GREW UP WHERE THE CIVIL WAR STARTED, COLUMBIA IN SOUTH CAROLINA.

I DON'T -- I DON'T KNOW IF IT AFFECTED ME IN A WAY THAT MADE THE TELLING OF THIS STORY EASIER, BUT I FEEL COMFORTABLE WITH SOME OF THE CHARACTERS THAT I'VE HAD TO WRITE IN THIS NOVEL.

>> YOU APPEAR IN SOME OF YOUR NOVELS AS YOURSELF, EVEN BY NAME, YOU APPEAR AS YOURSELF, AS AN ENGLISH PROFESSOR.

DO YOU, IN SOME WAYS, THINK YOU APPEAR IN THIS BOOK AS JAMES?

>> WELL, I THINK THERE'S A LITTLE BIT OF THE WRITER IN EVERY CHARACTER IN A WORK, BUT NO.

AS MUCH AS I MIGHT TRY TO HAVE FUN IN SOME WORKS AND SHOW UP AND SORT OF MAKE FUN OF MYSELF, FINALLY IT'S NOT ME.

>> YOU KNOW, I'VE READ HUCKLEBERRY FINN MAYBE NOT AS OFTEN AS YOU HAVE, BUT PRETTY OFTEN, AND THEN I OFTEN GET STYMIED BECAUSE I THINK IT'S A PRETTY GOOD BOOK, AND THEN I GET HALFWAY THROUGH AND IT SEEMS TO DEGENERATE A BIT.

TOM SAWYER APPEARS.

THE PLOT SORT OF DWINDLES OUT.

DID YOU HAVE THAT SAME IMPRESSION WHEN YOU READ HUCKLEBERRY FINN, AND YOU TAKE SUCH A MUCH STRONGER WAY TO END THE BOOK.

>> WELL, AGAIN, IT BEING JAMES' STORY AND THE GRAVITY OF EVERYTHING BEING AMPLIFIED BECAUSE OF THE DANGER PRESENT FOR HIM IN THE WORLD, THAT TURN IS NECESSARY.

TWAIN'S NOVEL, AS MUCH AS I LIKE IT -- AND I HAVE TO BACK UP AND SAY THAT I DIDN'T WRITE "JAMES" TO EXPRESS SOME KIND OF DISSATISFACTION WITH HUCKLEBERRY FINN.

IF ANYTHING, I FLATTER MYSELF BY THINKING THAT I'M IN CONVERSATION WITH TWAIN WITH THIS STORY.

BUT WHEN TWAIN WAS WRITING IT, HE STOPPED IN THE MIDDLE AND CAME BACK TO IT SEVERAL YEARS LATER, AND YOU CAN FEEL THAT DEMARCATION.

YOU CAN FEEL THAT THERE'S A CHANGE IN RHYTHM, AND FOR ANY NUMBER OF REASONS, THE NOVEL MIGHT HAVE SUFFERED THE SWITCH.

ONE OF THEM BEING THAT IT'S A MERCENARY MOVE.

TOM SAWYER WAS HIS MONEYMAKING CHARACTER IN A PREVIOUS BOOK, AND HE WAS FAMOUS FOR NEEDING MONEY.

BUT ALSO DURING THE YEARS OF RECONSTRUCTION, I THINK, AS I'VE LEARNED RECENTLY, TWAIN WAS NO DOUBT MOVED BY THE SPINNING WORLD IN WHICH THE FREED ENSLAVED PEOPLE MUST HAVE FOUND THEMSELVES IN AND THE KIND OF TERROR THEY WERE FACING.

AND IF YOU LOOK AT IT, I SUPPOSE THE GAME THAT TOM SAWYER IS SUBJECTING JAMES TO IS MUCH LIKE THE WORLD THAT FREED BLACKS INHABITED.

>> YOU SAY YOU WROTE THIS ALMOST OUT OF AN HOMAGE TO MARK TWAIN BUT AS IF YOU'RE HAVING A CONVERSATION WITH MARK TWAIN.

TELL ME WHAT ARE YOU TRYING TO SAY TO TWAIN AND BACK AND FORTH?

WHAT IS THAT CONVERSATION?

>> IT WAS HIS BUSINESS TO TELL THE STORY OF THE WHITE YOUTH, AND IT IS MY BUSINESS TO TELL THE STORY OF THE BLACK MAN.

AND, AGAIN, I FLATTER MYSELF TO THINK THAT MAYBE WE WORKED TOGETHER IN SOME WAY TO DO THAT.

>> IT DOES MAKE A PERFECT COMBINATION AS SO MANY OF THE CRITICS SAID.

DO YOU KIND OF HOPE THAT MAYBE IN THE FUTURE, A LOT OF PEOPLE WILL READ THESE TWO BOOKS TOGETHER?

>> OF COURSE.

TO HAVE MY WORK ASSOCIATED WITH TWAIN IN ANY WAY, I THINK, IS FLATTERING.

AND ALSO I THINK -- I DON'T THINK ONE NEEDS TO READ HUCK FINN TO READ MY NOVEL.

BUT I THINK IT ADDS A LAYER OF MEANING THAT'S IMPORTANT.

>> PERCIVAL EVERETT, THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR JOINING US.

>> THANK YOU FOR HAVING ME.

IT'S BEEN GREAT.

>>> FINALLY, THIS WEEK NORTHERN IRELAND CELEBRATES 26 YEARS OF PEACE AS IT MARKS THE ANNIVERSARY OF THE HISTORIC GOOD FRIDAY AGREEMENT THAT BROUGHT AN END TO DECADES OF VIOLENCE KNOWN AS THE TROUBLES.

SO AS WAR CONTINUES TO DEVASTATE NATIONS AROUND THE WORLD FROM SUDAN TO GAZA, NORTHERN IRELAND OFFERS US HOPE THAT PEACE BETWEEN NEIGHBORS IS POSSIBLE.

FORMER SENATE MAJORITY LEADER GEORGE MITCHELL WAS INSTRUMENTAL IN HELPING BROKER THAT AGREEMENT.

SPEAKING THIS TIME LAST YEAR WITH WORDS MORE PERTINENT THAN EVER.

>> WE ARE LIVING IN FRACTURED TIMES.

WE NEED YOU.

WE NEED YOUR ONGOING PATIENCE, STAMINA, AND PERSEVERANCE.

WE NEED PEOPLE WHO BELIEVE, WHO KNOW THAT THE POSSIBLE DOES EXIST WITHIN THE IMPOSSIBLE.

>> IT REMAINS A DIPLOMATIC TRIUMPH FOR THE UNITED STATES AS PRESIDENT BILL CLINTON PLAYED A CRITICAL ROLE IN NEGOTIATIONS ALONGSIDE SENATOR MITCHELL.

BRITISH PRIME MINISTER TONY BLAIR, AND IRISH PRIME MINISTER BERTIE AHERN.

BUT IT WAS OF COURSE THE PEOPLE OF NORTHERN IRELAND AND ITS LEADERS WHO BRAVELY CHOSE PEACE.

ON LAST YEAR'S ANNIVERSARY, CHRISTIANE TRAVELED TO BELFAST TO SPEAK WITH CLINTON, BLAIR AND AHERN FOR A PEACEMAKERS REUNION.

HERE'S SOME OF THAT CONVERSATION.

>> WELCOME, PRESIDENT CLINTON, PRIME MINISTER BLAIR, PRIME MINISTER AHERN.

WE'RE CALLING THIS THE REUNION OF THE PEACEMAKERS, AND I JUST WONDER JUST TO START WITH REFLECTIONS, FIRST WITH YOU, MR. PRESIDENT, OF JUST WHAT IT MEANS FOR YOU TO BE TOGETHER, TO BE HERE 25 YEARS LATER WITH ALL THE PRINCIPALS.

>> WELL, I THINK WE WERE ALL PRIVILEGED TO BE WHERE WE WERE WHEN WE WERE AND PRIVILEGED TO DO OUR PART TO GET THIS DONE.

THEY ACTUALLY HAD TO SIGN THE AGREEMENT.

YOU KNOW, I WAS JUST A CHEERLEADER SORT OF AND GAVE THEM GEORGE MITCHELL, WHICH IS THE GIFT OF A GENERATION.

SO I THINK WE'RE PROUD.

I HOPE WE ARE.

>> PRIME MINISTER BLAIR, THIS WAS SOMETHING THAT WRECKED MANY BRITISH GOVERNMENTS BEFORE YOURS.

>> I WAS LUCKY IN HAVING A GROUP OF PEOPLE IN NORTHERN IRELAND, LEADERS WHO WERE PREPARED TO LEAD AND DO DIFFICULT THINGS.

I HAD AN IRISH PRIME MINISTER THAT HAD A -- WE WERE COMING TO THE END OF THE 20th CENTURY, AND YOU NEEDED PEOPLE WITH A KIND OF 21st CENTURY MENTALITY OF THE WORLD, AND BERTIE HAD THAT.

AND THEN PRESIDENT CLINTON WAS SAYING HE WAS A CHEERLEADER, BUT HE WAS ACTUALLY MUCH MORE THAN THAT.

HE WAS ALSO AN INTERVENOR AT CRUCIAL POINTS.

IT WAS A COMBINATION OF CIRCUMSTANCES BUT AT THE INDIVIDUAL LEADERSHIP OF PEOPLE AT THAT MOMENT WAS CRUCIAL IN DELIVERING IT.

>> PRIME MINISTER AHERN, WAS IT THAT MOSTLY, THE ALIGNMENT OF THE STARS SO TO SPEAK IN TERMS OF LEADERSHIP?

WAS IT ALSO ABOUT THE PEOPLE ON THE GROUND?

>> THE PARTIES AND PEOPLE ON THE GROUND, I THINK FROM OUR POINT OF VIEW, TO HAVE THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES BEING GENUINELY INTERESTED AND TO GIVE TIME AND STAY UP AT NIGHT, YOU KNOW, WE ARE A SMALL COUNTRY, AND THE THINGS YOU DON'T EXPECT.

I WAS JUST SO LUCKY THAT TONY AND I GOT ON SO WELL.

HE GAVE JUST AN ENORMOUS AMOUNT OF TIME.

I KNOW HE HAD A HUNDRED OTHER ITEMS ON HIS LIST.

WHEN I LOOKED AT MY AGENDA AGAINST HIS AGENDA AND HE WAS PREPARED TO COME HERE, SPEND DAYS HERE, WEEKS HERE, HOURS, YOU KNOW, TIME ASK TIME AGAIN, PEOPLE TALK ABOUT 1998, BUT WE WENT ON TO 2007, AND THE SAME COMMITMENT YOU GAVE, TONY.

>> GEORGE MITCHELL HAS SAID -- I CAN'T REMEMBER THE FIGURES, BUT IT WAS I KNOW HUNDREDS AND HUNDREDS OF HOURS AND DAYS OF NEGOTIATIONS THAT FINALLY LED TO, YES, BUT IT MAY HAVE GONE THE OTHER WAY.

CAN YOU RECOUNT AND REFLECT ON HOW DIFFICULT ACTUALLY -- I MEAN IT SOUNDS LIKE, YOU KNOW, EVERYBODY WAS READY TO DO IT, BUT IT ACTUALLY WAS VERY DIFFICULT TO GET THE GOOD FRIDAY AGREEMENT.

>> IF YOU WERE GOING TO MAKE A PEACE PROCESS, YOU'VE GOT TO BE PREPARED TO TALK TO EVERYONE.

AND I REMEMBER WHEN WE FIRST -- WHEN I BECAME THE FIRST BRITISH PRIME MINISTER TO SIT DOWN WITH THE PEOPLE, THIS WAS HORRIBLY CONTROVERSIAL AT THE TIME.

PEOPLE THOUGHT -- JERRY ADAMS HAD BEEN PREVENTED -- THERE WAS A LAW IN THE UK THAT PREVENTED HIM FROM APPEARING ON UK TELEVISION.

AND I DIDN'T THINK WE COULD HAVE GOT THIS OFF THE GROUND IF WE HADN'T BEEN PREPARED TO TALK TO EVERYONE.

AND THEN THERE REALLY IS THIS THING ABOUT PEOPLE BEING PREPARED TO ACT IN A WAY THAT ISN'T POLITICALLY CONVENTIONAL.

SO BERTIE IS THE IRISH TEACHER.

HE COULD HAVE STUCK IN A FAIRLY TRADITIONAL IRISH POSITION ON EVERYTHING, BUT HE DIDN'T.

AND THAT -- WE EACH KIND OF LIBERATED EACH OTHER.

AND WHEN IT COMES BACK TO WHAT YOU AND PRESIDENT CLINTON WERE JUST TALKING ABOUT, IT BECAME EASIER FOR HIM TO INTERVENE CONSTRUCTIVELY WHEN IT LOOKED LIKE EVERYONE WAS BEING INVOLVED AND THERE WAS A SEAT AT THE TABLE FOR EVERYONE.

AND THEN THE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR NORTHERN IRELAND VISITED LOYALIST PRISONERS FROM THE OTHER SIDE, ENGAGED IN TERRORIST ACTIVITY, AND THAT WAS SOMETHING THAT A LOT OF PEOPLE REALLY RECOILED FROM.

BUT THE WHOLE POINT ABOUT A PEACE PROCESS, YOU'RE NEVER GOING TO GET ANYWHERE UNLESS EVERYONE'S PREPARED TO TAKE RISKS FOR PEACE.

AND YOU EITHER SPEND YOUR POLITICAL CAPITAL, OR YOU HOARD IT.

AND FOR ALL SORTS OF VARIOUS REASONS, PEOPLE DECIDED TO SPEND IT.

AND I THINK FOR THOSE POLITICIANS IN NORTHERN IRELAND, WHO AFTER ALL WERE THE ONES WHO HAD TO TAKE THE MOST DIFFICULT DECISIONS, THOSE WERE THE PEOPLE HERE.

I THINK THEY WERE EXHAUSTED, BUT ALSO THERE WAS SOMETHING ABOUT THE MOMENT AND THE CIRCUMSTANCES THAT MADE EVERYONE THINK, OKAY, COME ON.

YOU KNOW, WE'RE APPROACHING A NEW MILLENNIUM.

WE'RE REALLY GOING TO CARRY ON WITH PEOPLE KILLING AND FIGHTING EACH OTHER IN A EUROPEAN COUNTRY IN THE 21st CENTURY?

THERE WAS THAT AS WELL, THAT KIND OF FEELING THAT CHANGE HAD TO COME.

AND THEN WITH THE PEOPLE WHO ARE PREPARED TO BE AGENTS OF THAT CHANGE.

>> YOU'VE ALL TALKED ABOUT, YOU KNOW, EXPANDING THIS MODEL AROUND THE WORLD.

AND THERE HAVE BEEN SO MANY -- ENOUGH SUCCESSFUL DIPLOMATIC ACHIEVEMENTS THAT HAVE LASTED.

BOSNIA, ALTHOUGH THAT FROZE THE CONFLICT.

AND THE AGGRESSORS SEEK TO GAIN WHAT THEY WANTED TO IN THE BEGINNING BY OTHER MEANS.

KOSOVO YOU INTERVENED IN, AND TO THIS DAY IT'S PEACEFUL AND INDEPENDENT AND DEMOCRATIC.

UNFORTUNATELY, THE MIDDLE EAST, WHICH YOU DEFINITELY ALL HAVE HAD A LOT TO DO WITH, I READ THAT DAVID TRIMBLE, HIS DEPUTY SAID THAT HE TOOK THIS GOOD FRIDAY AGREEMENT AND SHOWED IT TO YASSER ARAFAT AND SAID THIS IS YOUR BLUEPRINT FOR SUCCESS.

AND WE KNOW THAT IT HAPPENED IN COLOMBIA.

WE SAW THE GOVERNMENT OF COLOMBIA MAKE PEACE WITH, YOU KNOW, WITH THEIR MILITANTS AND MILITIAS.

PRESIDENT CLINTON, RIGHT NOW, THE PEOPLE WHO CHEERED ON THE DEATH OF THE PEACE MAKER, YITZHAK RABIN, ARE IN GOVERNMENT.

AND THERE'S NOWHERE TO -- IT SEEMS LIKE THERE'S NOWHERE TO GO.

WHAT DO YOU THINK?

I MEAN WHEN YOU LOOK AT THIS BLUEPRINT, WHY DO YOU THINK IT HASN'T WORKED ELSEWHERE?

FOR INSTANCE, LET'S JUST TAKE THE MIDDLE EAST.

>> WELL, THE DIFFERENCE IS -- LET'S JUST START WITH THE MIDDLE EAST.

TONY SPENT YEARS WORKING ON THIS.

>> YEAH.

>> BUT THEY STARTED WITH A DIFFERENT MODEL.

I MEAN WHEN WE SIGNED THE MIDDLE EAST PEACE AGREEMENT IN '93 -- >> THE OSLO ACCORDS.

>> ON THE SOUTH LAWN OF THE WHITE HOUSE.

EVERYONE'S ASSUMPTION WAS THAT THEY HAD TO WORK FOR A TWO-STATE SOLUTION, AND THEY WOULD ARGUE FOR A FEW YEARS ABOUT WHAT TO DO WITH THE UNRESOLVED ISSUES AND WHAT TO DO WITH THE LINE DRAWING, BUT THAT THE ISRAELIS WISH TO REMAIN A MAJORITY JEWISH STATE, BUT TO BE AT PEACE WITH THEIR PALESTINIAN NEIGHBORS, WHO WOULD HAVE THEIR OWN STATE IF WE COULD WORK OUT THE MYRIAD QUESTIONS THAT HAD TO BE WORKED OUT.

SO WE STARTED WITH A DIFFERENT MODEL.

THEY STARTED WITH A MODEL HERE THAT THEY COULD SHARE THE FUTURE AND THAT THEY HAD NOT ENOUGH LAND TO FIGHT OVER, AND THEY HAD TO WORK TOGETHER.

SO I THINK THE REAL QUESTION IS THE MIDDLE EAST IS NOW WAITING FOR SOMEBODY TO ANSWER THE "NOW WHAT" QUESTION BECAUSE I STILL BELIEVE THAT PEOPLE EVERYWHERE WOULD PREFER TO WORK TOGETHER THAN BE AT WAR.

>> AND PRIME MINISTER AHERN, FINALLY JERRY ADAMS, WHEN THIS WAS SIGNED, SAID THAT IT'S JUST A BRIDGE TOWARDS A UNITED IRELAND.

IS THAT WHAT IT IS?

DO YOU SEE THAT HAPPENING IN YOUR LIFETIME?

>> I THINK WHAT WILL CONTINUE ON, IT'S THE BALANCE BETWEEN UNION WITH THE UK AND UNITY WITHIN THE ISLAND, AND THOSE TWO SEPARATE TRADITIONS WILL CONTINUE TO PEACEFULLY PUT FORWARD THEIR CASE.

AND BREXIT, I THINK, HAS HEIGHTENED THE DEBATE.

THERE'S FAR MORE DEBATE.

YOU CAN'T GO TO UNIVERSITY ANYWHERE ON THE ISLAND WHERE THEY'RE NOT DEBATING SOMETHING ABOUT UNIFICATION ONE WAY OR THE OTHER.

BUT IT'S BEEN DONE PEACEFULLY, AND IT'S BEEN DONE OPEN.

I THINK IT'S STILL A LONG WAY OFF.

THERE'S A CLAUSE IN THE AGREEMENT THAT SAYS THERE CAN BE -- WE HAVEN'T HAD ONE, BUT MY VIEW IS SIMPLE ENOUGH.

UNTIL THERE'S STABILITY OF THE INSTITUTIONS, IT'S STUPID TO HAVE A REFERENDUM.

SECONDLY, THE PREPARATORY IS ONLY STARTING IN ACADEMIC LIFE AT THE MOMENT.

SO IT'S A LONG WAY OFF, BUT THE ASPIRATION WILL CONTINUE.

BUT THERE'S TWO SEPARATE ASPIRATIONS, TO STAY CLOSE TO THE UK AS A PART OF THE UK, AND AN ASPIRATION FOR A UNITED IRELAND.

I THINK THOSE TWO ISSUES ARE IDENTITY ISSUES.

BUT THE GOOD FRIDAY AGREEMENT IS YOU CAN BE BRITISH.

YOU CAN BE IRISH.

YOU CAN BE BOTH.

I THINK THAT SERVES US WELL FOR NOW, BUT IT WILL CONTINUE TO BE CHALLENGED.

>> PRESIDENT CLINTON, PRIME MINISTER BLAIR, PRIME MINISTER AHERN, THANK YOU.

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