IN THE WAKE OF THE JANUARY 6th ATTACK ON THE CAPITOL, LEADERS PAST AND PRESENT IN CONGESTION THE HOWARD STEIN CENTER FOR PRESIDENTIAL STUDY AND THE GERALD R. FORD FOUNDATION HAS CONDUCTED A SERIES OF EVENTS PROVIDING A ROAD MAP FOR HEALING AND POLITICAL UNDERSTANDING.

FIRST TO EXPLORE THE ELECTIONS , TODAY, WGVU NEWSMAKERS PRESENTS THE THIRD AND FINAL PRESIDENTIAL ROUNDTABLE FOCUSING ON DEMOCRACY IN PAR KCULAR.

THE DEEPENING POLITICAL POLARIZATION FRAYING AMERICAN SOCIETY.

TODAY'S GUESTS OFFER HOPE FOR A RETURN TO UNITY AND ROMNEY GARRETT AND ROBERT PUTNAM ARE COAUTHORS OF THE BOOK THE UPSWING: HOW AMERICA CAME TOGETHER A CENTURY AGO AND HOW WE CAN DO IT AGAIN.

WE BEGIN WITH ROBERT PUTNAM.

>> THIS BOOK WAS FINISHED AT THE PUBLISHER IN JANUARY OF 2020.

THAT'S THE BOOK AUTHORS KNOW NOTHING ABOUT THE PANDEMIC.

THEY KNOW NOTHING ABOUT THE ECONOMIC COLLAPSE.

THEY KNOW NOTHING ABOUT THE POLITICS.

THEY DON'T EVEN KNOW WHO IS RUNNING IN THE PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN.

THEY CERTAINLY DON'T KNOW ABOUT THE OUTCOME OF THE PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN.

THEY KNOW EVEN LESS ABOUT THE LONG PERIOD LEADING UP TO JANUARY 6th AND THEY DON'T KNOW THAT BIND TAKES OVER.

THEY DON'T KNOW WHAT CHALLENGES AND WHAT POLICIES BIDEN IS OFFERING.

SO WE'LL TALK ABOUT THE PAST AND THEN WE'LL BE DELIGHTWOOD TO TALK ABOUT THE PRESS SEASON AND THE FUTURE.

THIS IS COVER OF THE BOOK THERE AND IF YOU GO TO THE NEXT SLIDE, UM, THIS SORT OF OUTLINES WHAT I AM GOING TO BE TALKING ABOUT, THE FACT IS, AMERICANS DISAGREE ABOUT ALMOST EVERYTHING.

AMERICANS ARE REALLY IN A PICKLE AS MY MOM USED TO SAY, AMERICA, TODAY, HAS REACHED HISTORIC LEVEL, APPROXIMATELY AM UNPRESENTED LEF RELS IN OUR ENTIRE HISTORY OF POLARIZATION, SEPARATELY FROM THAT ECONOMIC INEQUALITY AND THIRDLY, ALSO, INDEPENDENTLY, BUT TRUE HISTORIC LEVELS OF SOCIAL ISOLATION, SOCIAL FRAGMENTATION, FINALLY, CULTURALLY, HISTORIC LEVELS ROUGH SELF-CENTEREDNESS.

SO THE FIRST QUESTION WE ASK IS HOW DO WE GET HERE?

I WILL SHOW YOU A COUPLE OF SLIDES QUICKLY TO SHOW YOU THE KIND OF EVIDENCE THAT LEADS UP, THAT UNDERLIES THE ARGUMENT WES MAKING HERE.

WE HAVE THE NEXT SLIDE.

ALL THE SLIDES WILL LOOK LIKE THIS.

HORIZONTAL AXIS IS TIME RUNNING OVER THE LEFT-HAND SIDE AND HAVE THE SAME SHAPE OVER THE LEFT-HAND SIDE IS THE, IS THE LAST, THE 1880'S, 18 90'S, WHAT HISTORIANS CALL THE END OF THE 16th CENTURY, OVER THE RIGHT-HAND SIDE IS TODAY.

THE VERTICAL AXIS SHOWS THE CHANGING LEVELS, IN THE CASE, OF POLITICAL COOPERATION, BIPARTISANSHIP, POLITICAL OR CONS HAVELY POLARIZATION, DOWN IS POLARIZATION, YOU CAN SEE THAT AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20th CENTURY, AND IN THE OF THE 19th CENTURY.

AMERICA WAS EXTREMELY POLARIZED POLITICALLY, VERY DIFFICULT TO WORK ACROSS PARTY LINES, AND AT THE TIME, IT SEEMED LOOK THE ONLY PERIOD THAT HAD BEEN THAT, WELL, AMERICA HAD BEEN THAT DIVIDED POLITICALLY, WAS BETWEEN 1860 AND 1865.

THAT US THE CIVIL WAR, SO WE ARE TALKING ABOUT REALLY UNUSUAL LEVELS, BACK THEN.

POLITICAL POLAR EYE ZATION, BUT THEN AS YOU CAN SEE, BEGINNING OF THE 20th CENTURY, IN THE FIRST 10 TO 15 YEARS.

WE BEGIN TO PIVOT, GO IN A MORE HOPEFUL DIRECTION.

BECOMING INCREASINGLY COOPERATIVE, WORKING IN A BIPARTISAN WAY ACROSS PARTY LINES, AS YOU CAN SEE.

THAT TREND CONTINUED THROUGH THE 20'S AND THE 30'S AND THE 40'S AND CONTINUED INTO THE 50'S AND YOU CAN SEE THAT AT THE VERY PEAK WAS THE MIDDLE ''S.

A WAS THE PRESIDENCY OF DWIGHT EISENHOWER.

APPROPRIATELY ENOUGH.

THE LEAST PARTISAN PRESIDENT, THE LEAST PARTISAN PRESIDENT IN AMERICAN HISTORY, IT IS NEAT CAUSED THIS DEEP POLARIZATION AND CROSS PARTY.

WAS SYMPTOM OF THAT TREND AND IT CONTINUED AFTER THE EISENHOWER PRESIDENCY THROUGH THE '6'S THEN IN THE BEGINNING THEY HAVE ' 70'S BUT THEN SUDDENLY, SURPRISINGLY, THAT TREND REVERSED AND BEGINNING IN THE 70'S WE BEGIN TO BE MORE POLARIZED AGAIN.

YOU CAN SEE THAT TREND TOWARD INCREASING POLARIZATION CONTINUED DOWN THROUGH THE '80'S, THROUGH THE '39'S INTO THE 21st CENTURY.

DOWN THROUGH 2000 AND TEENS.

NOW EXACTLY, IF WE CONTINUE THE GRAPH CONTINUED DOWN TO YOU LARRIZATION AS YOU WELL KNOW, HAS EXTEND FURTHER IN THE LAST FIVE OR SIX YEARS SO WE HAVE NOW, WE ARE AT A LEVEL THAT IS A GREATER POLARIZATION THAN IN THE EARLIEST OF THIS CURVE AND THAT MEANS WE'RE DOESN'T AT THE LEVEL CIVIL WAR.

DON'T MEAN WE ARE ABOUT TO HAVE VIOLENT CIVIL WAR BREAK OUT.

IN TERMS OF THE DEGREE OF OF THE DISTANCE, THE LOOK OF COOPERATION ACROSS PARTY LINE, WE'RE WIN HISTORIC TERRITORY HERE.

LET'S HAVE THE NEXT SLID AND LOOK AT THE TRENDS FOR ECONOMIC AND INEQUALITY.

THE SAME BASIC CHART AT THE LEFT-HAND SIDE THE END OF THE 19th CENTURY THE RIGHT-HAND SIDES THE BEGINNING OF THE 21st CENTURY, AND, THIS DATE ACTUALLY BEGIN IN 1913 WHEN THE IRS WAS CREATED AND HARD DAY ON THE GAP BETWEEN RICH AND POOR, BUT WITH YOU KNOW, A FAIR AMOUNT OF WHAT IT WAS LIKE EARLIER THAN THAT.

AND THIS IS A PERIOD BOTH THE PERIOD BEGINNING IN 1913 BUT THE PRECEDING 10-20-30 YEARS.

RITE IS THE GUILD AGE AMERICAN SOCIETY BECAUSE IT WAS HUGE.

IT WAS PERIOD OF ENORMOUS GAP BETWEEN RICH FOLKS AND POOR FOLKS EPITOMIZESSED BY THE EAST SIDE AND THE MANHATTAN THE ISLAND OF MANHATTAN UP TO THE ENDER EAST SIDE IS WHERE ALL THE MILLIONAIRES OF THAT REAR LIVED, THE ROBERT BARRONS OF THAT PERIOD, THEN DOWN ON THE LOWER EAST SIDE, NOT MORE THAN TEN MILES AWAY WAS THE OWNER OF THE ECONOMIC SPECTRUM WHERE LIVED MILLIONS, REALLY, OF POOR IMPOVERISHED IMMIGRANTS, THAT IS WHAT LIFE WAS LIKE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20th CENTURY.

GREAT GREAT GREAT ECONOMIC INEQUALITY.

THEN YOU CAN SEE BEGINNING AROUND THE SAME.

BEGINNING IN THE FIRST DECK SORE TWO OF THE 20th CENTURY WE HAVE GREATER EQUALITY.

RISING EQUALITY.

THERE IS A PAUSE IN THE 20 ATH'S THAT IS THE PERIOD OF THE ROARING 20'S WHEN THE PEOPLE IN THE STOCK MARKET DID WELL, THEN COMING OUT OF THE 20'S INTO THE 30'S.

THROUGH THE GREAT DEPRESSION AND THE NEW DEAL, BUT ALSO, DO STEADILY AFTERWARDS UP, UP, GREATER EQUALITY.

A LITTLE PAUSE AFTER WORLD WAR II THEN GREATER EQUALITY REACHING A PEAK IN AROUND 19 60'S.

OF COURSE SHALL IT WAS NOT PERFECT EQUALITY, BUT COMPARE TILY SPEAKING.

AMERICA LOOKED LIKE SWEDEN, A VERY EQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME BUT THEN, THEN AS THE '60'S CONTINUED, AND ESPECIALLY AS WE GETTING FROM THE '70'S.

WE BEGINTO HAVE A REVEERSAL OF THE TREND, THEN INEQUALITY IN DRAP MATTIC CHANGE THROUGH THE '80'S, '90'S 20000S DOWN TO THE 2019'S THEN FOR AWHILE IT LOOKED AS THOUGH MAYBE BE THAT TREND WAS GOING TO TREND, NO, AGAIN, WE KNOW WHO, IN THE LAST FIVE TO SIX YEARS.

THERE HAS BEEN EVEN GREATER INEQUALITY SO NOW WE'RE DOWN.

IF WE SHOWED THE DATA UP TODAY.

WE ARE WAY DOESN'T AT THE BOTTOM PROBABLY AS UNEQUAL AS CERTAINLY AS WE WERE THIS EARLY PART OF THE CENTURY.

PROBABLY AS UNEQUAL AS AMERICAN HAS BEEN GREAT.

VERY GREAT.

LET'S GO TO THE NEXT SLIDE HERE.

WE LOOK AT SOCIAL TIE, THE COHESION, THE DEGREL WHICH AMERICANS ARE CONNECTED WITH ONE ANOTHER.

WHAT AN EARLIER BOOK WHERE I CALLED SOCIAL CAP CAPITAL, THIS IS THE NETWORKS OF FAMILY, FRIENDS, COME TIN INSTITUTIONS AND SOCIAL TRUST THAT HOLD THE SOCIETY TOGETHER.

AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20th CENTURY.

AMERICANS SAY A LITTLE BIT MORE ABOUT WHAT THIS LOOKED LIKE AT THE TIME.

AMERICA WAS VERY DIVIDED.

SOGSLY LACKING IN TRUST, LACKING IN SOCIAL CONNECTEDNESS, EVEN THE FAMILY WAS, WAS PEOPLE MANY PEOPLE DIDN'T GET MARRIED IN THAT PERIOD OR THEY GOT MARRIED LIT SAN HAD RELATIVELY FEW KIDS THEN AS YOU CAN CAN SEE, THAT BEGAN TO CHANGE.

WE BEGIN TO HAVE MORE AND MORE PEOPLE JOINING CLUBS THEN TAKING PART IN RELIGIOUS CONGREGTION AND ANOTHER GRAFT THAT LOOKS LIKE THAT AND OTHER IMPORTANT SOCIAL NETWORKS LOOKS LIKE THIS.

YOU CAN SEE IT ROSE DURING THE '20'S THEN AGAIN.

THE THROUGH THE 30'S THEN THROUGH THE 40'S THROUGH THE 50 NEAL THE 60 EPROBABLY THE GREATEST CIVIC BOOM IN AMERICAN HISTORY.

OF COURSE, BE THAT SHOWED UP IN UNPRECEDENTEDLY HIGH LEVELS OF SOCIAL TRUST.

PEOPLE TRUSTED ONE ANOTHER.

HIGH LEVELS OF FAMILY COHERENCE.

ALMOST EVERYBODY WAS GETTING MARRIED IN THAT PERIOD.

THAT US THE BABY BOOM.

ALMOST EVERYBODY HAD KIDS.

THEN AGAIN, AS WE ENDED THE '60'S THAT BEGAN TO TURN THE OTHER DIRECTION.

STEADY DE:S IN SOCIAL CONNECTIONS OF ALL THE TYPES.

FEWER PEOPLE BELONGING TO UNIONS, FEWER PEOPLE BEENG LOOING TO OTHER ORGANIZATIONS INCLUDING BOWLING LEAGUE, DOWN, DOWN, DOWN, DOWN, DOWN.

AGAIN, IT JUST CONTINUED DOWN TO RIGHT NOW.

LET'S LOOK AT THE LAST OF THESE FOUR DIMENSIONS WE WANT TO TALK ABOUT CULTURE HERE LITTLE BIT.

IT IS A LITTLE HARDER TO MEASURE THIS.

AM PROUD OF THE WAY WE GOT SOME REALLY PRETTY HARD INDICATORS OF THE DEGREE OF WHICH PEOPLE IN AMERICA FELT THAT WE ARE ALL IN THIS TOGETHER.

THAT IS HIGH SOLIDARITY.

HIGH SOCIAL CAPITAL.

EVERYBODY UP FOR HIMSELF.

AND AT BEGINNING AT IN THE OF THE 9 CENTURY AS AGAIN, SHEILA WILL TALK ABOUT THIS, A IT LOOKED LIKE IN PRACTICE VERY LEVELS AMERICA WAS IN ANI PERIOD FOCUSED ON THIZE AND NOT THE WAY.

THEN AGAIN, BEGINNING OF THE 20th CENTURY.

INCREASING FOCUS ON WHAT WE HAVE IN COMMON AND INCREASING FOCUS ON THE WE AND THEN THAT STEADILY ROSE, YOU CAN SEE AGAIN, A LITTLE BIT OF A PAUSE IN THE'S BUT STEADILY INCREASING THROUGH THE 30'S, THROUGH THE 4'S THROUGH THE 50'S.

INTO THE 60'S.

THEN, THEN, SUDDENLY, BIZARRELY, AGAIN, THIS DOWN TURN, AND WE HAD REACHED A PEAK OF KIND OF WE UP THERE AT THE TOP.

BUT THEN, STEADILY DECLINING AND SUNS THEN, AND ONCE AGAIN, AL THE EVIDENCE SHOWED STEADY, STEADY UNINTERRUPTED DECLINES AND THEN AGAIN, IF WE HAD THE DATA UP TO 2021.

AGAIN, WE WOULD FIND GREAT EMPHASIS ON I. I HAVE BEEN USING THE TERMS I AND WE WE HAVE DOM CALL TIS THE I, WE SHALL I CURVE.

THE NEXT SLIDE QUICKLY.

SHOWS HOW ALL THE GRAFTS FIT TOGETHER.

THEY THREE SAME CURVE.

THEY ARE MEASURED IN DUFF RENT WAYS AND ABOUT ECONOMICS, POLITIC, SOCIETY, CULTURE.

AL THE TRENDS SHOW THIS SAME BASIC PATTERN.

THE I WE I CURVE.

THE NEXT GRAPH QUICKLY.

THIS PUT THEM TOGETHER.

THIS IS A FACTUAL SUMMARY OF HOW AMERICA HAS CHANGED AND AT THE END OF THE 19th CENTURY UNEQUALED SOCIALLY FRAGMENT AND FOCUSED ON SELF INTERESTS RISING A WE AT THE MIDDLE OF THE 20 ECENTURY THEN OVER THE LAST 50 YEARS.

A STEADY DECLINE BACK.

GREATER QUALITY AND GREATER FRAGMENTATION.

GREATER INESS AND NOW, NOW AT THIS POINT.

WANT TO TURN THE TABLES, TURN THE SLIDE AND THE STORY OVER TO SHEA LYNN WHO IS GOING TO BEGUN HERE AND TELL US A LITTLE BIT WHAT IS HAPPENING BEHIND THE NUMBERS AND FINALLY, MOST IMPORTANT, WHAT LESSONS WE CAN LEARN FROM THIS PERIOD.

SHANNON?

SO YOU KNOW, THERE ARE A LOT OF QUESTIONS ABOUT HOW WE GOT HERE WHICH IS A QUESTION THAT BOB OPENED OUR PRESENTATION WITH TODAY.

HOW DID WE GET TO THIS MULTIFACETED NATIONAL CRIES WE FIND OURSELVES IN AS A NATION.

AND ONE OF REVIEWERS OF THE BOOK NOTED THERE HAVE BEEN MANY BOOKS THAT AIMED TO ANSWER THE QUESTION AND THIS RECREWER CALLED THOSE HOW WE GOT INTO THIS MASTER GEN ARE AND OUR BOOK, OF COURSE, FALLS INTO THAT.

HOWEVER, IT IS DIFFERENT FROM A NUMBER OF THESE OTHER BOOKS AND A HANDFUL OF WAYS.

I THINK IT IS CLEAR IT HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED THAT AMERICA HAS BEEN ON THE DOWNWARD SLIDE IN THE LAST HALF CENTURY AND IN EACH OF THESE DIFFERENT AREAS THAT BOB HIGHLIGHTED.

BUT I THINK WHAT IS LESS KNOWN IS WHAT WAS GOING ON IN THE HALF CENTURY BEFORE THAT DOWNWARD SLIDE WHICH AS WE CAN SEE FROM THE DATA THAT BOB PRESENTED WASES THAT WITHIN LIVING MEMORY FOR THE OLDEST AMERICANS, ALL OF THOSE DOWNWARD TRENDS WERE MOVING IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION.

WERE MOVING IN THE RIGHT DIRECTION.

THE POSITIVE DIRECTION.

AND SO WHATS THE LESSON THEN OF THIS I WE, I CENTURY.

WELL, ONE WAY TO LOOK AT THIS IS AS ARGUMENT THAT AMERICA HAS FALLEN FROM GRACE.

WE NEED TO GET BACK TO A TIME WHEN EVERYTHING WAS LESS POLARIZED MORE CONNECTED THAT AMERICA HAD SORT OF ALE GONE AGE AT MID-CENTURY AND CLEAR TO EMPHASIZE THIS IS NOT THE MESSAGE OF THE UPSWING AND THIS IS NOT A MAKE AMERICA GREAT AGAIN BOOK.

OB THE CONTRARY, ON THE CONTRARY, THERE ARE MANY PROBLEMS WE ARE A PART OF THE MID-CENTURY PEAK.

IT WAS CERTAINLY NOT THE HIGHEST WE COULD HAVE EVER GONE TOWARD WE AND CERTAINLY NOT THE IDEAL SCENARIO IN MAKE FOR TRANS WILL GET INTO LATER.

BUT MORE THAN THAT.

WE FIND THAT LOOKING TO A MOMENT WHEN A TREND CULMINATED IS LESS INSTRUCTIVE THAN ACTUALLY LOOKING AT THE MOMENT WHEN THE AND THE REASON FOR THAT IS BY PURE HARD DATA WE CAN SEE THAT THE SITUATION AMERICA FINDS ITSELF IN TODAY WE HAVE BEEN IN ONCE BEFORE.

ALMOST TO A RACKABLE EXTENT, AMERICA HAS BEEN SHEER BEFORE.

WE HAVE WEATHERED THIS VERY MULTIFACETED STORM BEFORE.

AND THAN TIME WAS OF COURSE THE GUILD AGE.

THE TURN OF THE LAST CENTURY.

THE TURN OF THE 20th CENTURY WHEN THE GILDED AGE GAVE WAY TO THE PROGRESSIVE REAR.

THAT TIME.

AS WE SEE TODAY.

THERE WERE MANY DAM'S DAY PROPHECIES ABOUT AMERICA'S DEMOCRACY GOING OFF THE RAILS AND HOWEVER, WE CAN SEE FROM THE DATA THAT NONE OF THOSE PROPHECIES WAS ACTUALLY FULFILLED.

ON THE CONTRARY.

AMERICA TURNED UPWARD.

AND TERNED A MULTI FACETTED MULTI DECADE UPSWING THAT CARRIED US THROUGH 60 TO 7 YEARS.

BEFORE THAT TREND BE BEE GONE REVERSE.

SO FOR US, THE QUESTION OF THE UPSWING IS, YOU KNOW, WHAT LESSONS CAN WE LEARN FROM THIS UPTURN?

IF OF THERE WAS HISTORICAL MOMENT WHOSE LESSON NEED LEARN.

S THE MOMENT WHEN THE LAST UPSWING BEGAN.

SO I WANT TO GO TO THE NEXT SLIDE HERE.

I WILL HIGH LIGHT A FEW OF THE LESSONS OF THIS LAST UPSWING.

WE ARE TALKING AGAIN ABOUT THE MOMENT WHEN THE GILDED AGE GAVE I WAY TOLL THE PROGRESSIVE ERA.

I WANT TO BE CLEAR WHEN WE SPEAK THE PROGRESSIVE REAR.

WE'RE NOT USING THE TERM PROGRESSIVE IN QUITE THE SAME WAY WE HEAR IT USED TODAY.

PROGRESSIVE, WE MAY CALL SMALL P PROGRESSIVISM WHICH WE HEAR A LOT ABOUT TODAY EGGS THE LEFT MOST END OF THE POLITICAL SPECTRUM.

HOWEVER WHEN WE ARE TALKING ABOUT THE PROGRESSIVE ERA.

WE'RE USING THE TERM WE MAY CALL IT CAPITAL P PROGRESSIVISM.

WHICH WAS A MUCH MORE BROAD MOVEMENT.

IT WAS NOT NECESSARILY JUST ONE SIDE OF THE POLITICAL SPECTRUM WAS ACTUAL LAY MOVEMENT THAT HISTORIANS HAVE CALLED SO DIVERSE AS TO BE COHERENT.

IT HAD A LOT OF COMPETING FACTIONS IN IT.

IT HAD ISSUES AT PLAY.

BUT THE PROGRESSIVES THEMSELVES WERE REALLY, UNITED BY A COUPLE OF DIFFERENT THINGS.

ONE WAS A COMPELLING DESIRE TO REPUDIATE THE DOWNWARD DRIFT OF THE NATION AND THE POWERFUL ORDINARY CITIZENS TO DO THAT.

AND SO WHAT ARE SOME OF THE THING!

THEMORS LESSONS FROM THE PROGRESSIVE REAR WE MAY BE ABLE TO APPLY TODAY IF WE HAVE HOPE OF INITIATING ANOTHER UPSWING FROM THIS MULTI PASS SETTED CRIES WE'RE IN NOW.

SO THE FIRST ONE MAY BE SURPRISING.

BUT AS WE PAIR THIS DATA WITH THE HISTORICALLAL RECORD WHAT WE SEE THAT IS IT APPEARS A MORAL AND CUR ALABAMA SHIFT WAS ACTUALLY WHAT LED ALL OF THESE CHANGES.

IT WAS MORAL AWAKENING, THAT WAS ON THE FRONT END OF CHANGE IN THE PLO DEGREESIVE ERA.

SO CULTURALLY SPEAK GUILD AGE WAS CHARACTERIZED BY SOCIAL DARWINISM, WHICH WAS THE IDEA THAT, YOU KNOW, CHARLES DARWIN HAD CENTLY ARTICULATE THE SURVIVERRAL OF OF THE FITTEST AS DESCRIPTION OF HOW THE NATURAL WORLD WORKS ANDEN THERE WERE PEOPLE WHO SAID, OH, WELL, WE SHOULD THEN TAKE THAT THEORY, APPLY IT TO HOW WE BUILD OUR SOCIETY, WE SORT OF FASHION THIS AS ONE GIANT COMPETITION IN WHICH THE STRONG WILL SURVIVE, AS BOB MENTIONED EARLIER, THE DEVIL TAKE THE HIGH ROAD, RIGHT.

IT IS A LITTLE BIT HARD TO BELIEVE, TODAY, THAT WAS SORT OF A WAY THAT PEOPLE FELT WAS GOOD WAY TO ORGANIZE SOCIETY AND THE RESULTS WERE QUITE CLEAR, THERE WAS HUGE GAP BETWEEN RICH AND POOR SAN IN THE PUBLIC SQUARE ANNONAS THAT CULTURAL MOVEMENT CAME MOVEMENT CALLED THE SOCIAL GOSPEL.

A MOVEMENT THAT CAMOUFLET PROTESTANTISM ORIGINALLY BUT BECAME SA BROAD CULTURAL SHIFT IN AMERICA, THAT REALLY CHALLENGED SORT OF THE CONCEPTIONS HER TO FOUNDATIONAL IDEAS ABOUT WHAT SOCIETY WAS ABOUT.

AND THERE BEGAN TO BE REALLY ARTICULATE COMMENTATORS SAYING OUR SOCIETY SHOULD NOT BE A COMPETITION BUT SHOULD RATHER BE ABOUT WHAT WE CAN DO FOR EACH OTHER, A RESPONSIBILITIES WE HAVE TO ONE ANOTHER AND HOW WE CAN CARE FOR THE MOST VUL FERRABLE IN OUR SOCIETY, SO THESE, SO THESE SOCIAL GOSPELS BEGAN TO A TUCK LATE NEW MORALITY FOR AMERICA SHALL OR A NEW VALUES-BASED FOUNDATION, FOR THE FORMATION OF AMERICA SEWS.

SOCIETY, WHAT IS INTERESTING ABOUT THIS SHIFT, ABOUT THE PROGRESSIVES WHO WERE INVOLVED IN THE CULL TOUCHAL SHIFT IS THAT THEY WERE NOT JUST ARE ENGAGE IN CULTURAL CRITIQUE OR SORT OF POINTING THE FINGER AT THE RICH AND SAYING WE NEED TO EXPEL THESE FROM SOCIETY AND EVERYTHING WILL BE FINE.

IN FACT THE HISTORIAN RICHARD HOV SETTER DESCRIBED THESE AS BEING CHARACTERIZED BAY MORAL INDIGITATION DIRECTED INWARD THESE WERE REFORMERS WHO WERE INTERESTED NOT IN JUST REFORMING THINGS OUTSIDE OF THEMSELVES BUT ALSO REFORMING THEIR HEARTS, REFORMING THEIR OWN BEE LEE LEAFS AND RECOGNIZING THEIR OWN COME PLESS TY IN THE DESTRUCTIVE AND EXPLOITIVE SYSTEMS THAT CHARACTERIZED THE AMERICA THEY FOUND THEMSELVES IN.

AND SO WE BELIEVE THAT TODAY, IF HE WE'RE TO SEE ANOTHER UPSWING, IT YOU LIKELY THAT WE WILL NEED TO SEE CULTURAL MORAL SHIFT AWAY FROM THE HYPERINDIVIDUAL IS STICK.

WE FIND OURSELVES IN AND BACK TOWARD A MORE WE COME MUN TARIAN OR SOLIDARITY ORIENTED CULTURAL MIND SET T. THAT IS SHOOKLY TO BE WHAT HAPPENS ON THE FRONT END AS IT WAS IN THE PROGRESSIVE REAR.

ANOTHER VIEW ASPECTS OF THIS THAT I WANT TO HIGHLIGHT, HOB WERE THESE REFORMERS THAT WERE HAVING THIS CHANGE OF HEART?

MANY OF THEM WERE VERY YOUNG.

THIS WAS INCREDIBLY YOUTH DRIVEN MOMENT.

MOVEMENT.

MOST OF THE REFORMERS WHO WERE DOING IMPORTANT WORK WERE DOING SO WHEN THEY ARE WERE UNTHE AGE OF 3.

WE OFTEN TEND TO THINK OF THE PROGRESS DIF Z AS THE JAME ADAMS WHO WERE IN THE OLDER YEARS WE THINK OF K TURES OF JAMES ADAMS RECEIVING THE NO BELL PEACE BRIZE THAT CAME LATE HE AND AC TOUGHLY DOING INNOVATIVE WORK TO CHANGE SETH ON THE GROUND WHICH WAS VERY YOUNG.

AND TO A LARGE EXTENT WE LEAVE THE SAME THING WILL BE TRUE TODAY.

THE FATE OF AMERICA REALLY LINES TO HANDS OF THE POST BOOMER GENERATION.

WHO CAN BE INNOVATIVE IN THIS THEIR APPROACH TO BUILDING A NEW SOCIETY.

CERTAINLY THE YOUNG PEOPLE TODAY HAVE NOT CAUSED AS THIS CRISIS OR THESE PROBLEMS THAT WE HAVE.

BUT WE BELIEVE THEY WILL BE THE SOURCE OF THE SOLUTIONS AS THEY WERE AND SO IMPORTANTLY DURING FLOW DEGREESIVE REAR.

ANOTHER ASPECT OF THIS THEY WERE FOCUS ON ASSOCIATION BUILDING.

ASSOCIATION ANTIQUATED TERN MAYBE WE WOULD NOT USE TODAY.

WE MAY USE THE TERM LIKE CONNECTION, COMMUNITY, RELATIONSHIP, BUT IT'S THE SAME IDEA, RIGHTING?

THE PROGRESSIVES WERE ENAMORED OF THIS IDEA BY BRINGING PEOPLE TOGETHER YOU COULD CREATE A POWER, A DEMOCRATIZING FORCE IN A SENSE, SO THESE PROGRESSIVES WERE ACTIVELY FIGHTING, THE HYPERINDIVIDUALISM OF THEIR AGE, NOT BY A TUCK LATING NEW CULTURAL VALUES, BUT VINTING NEW WAYS TO BRING PEOPLE TOGETHER.

IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE AND REMEMBER AS BOB NOTED THAT WE KNOW FROM THE DATA THAT WAS HIGHLY ICE LATED DISCONNECTED VERY LONELY TIME, VERY TO WHAT WE ARE EXPERIENCING TODAY.

AND LARGELY DRIVEN THEN BY THE SHIFTS THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND THE GENERATION BEFORE AND LIVING ON FARMS.

AND BIG BUSTLING ANONYMOUS CITIES MANY PROGRESSIVES LIT RAILROADLY FOUND THEMES AND DUALAL INSTITUTIONS THAT GROUNDED THEM BEFORE THEY MADE THAT SHIFT AND SOP THEY DID FEEL A SUNS THEY NEED TO EVENT AND BRING PEOPLE TOGETHER AND MANY INNOVATIVE VISIONARY REFORMERS WERE WORK ON WAYS TO BRING PEOPLE TOGETHER BY CREATING THE NEW FACE-TO-FACE SEE YOU TYES BY INITIATING THE CIVIC BOOK THESE PROGRESSIVES CREATED VAST NEW STORES OF SOCIAL CAPITAL THAT DROVE THIS UPSWING FOR DECADES.

NOW GRANTED THAT IS WHAT WE MEAN WHEN WE TALK ABOUT ASSOCIATION AS END AND MEANS.

IS WITH AN END IN THE SENSE OF HYPERINDIVIDUALISM BUT ALSO A MEANS OF CREATING FURTHER DEM TIEZATION AS WE KNOW FROM THE IMPORTANT AROUND SOCIAL CAPITAL.

IT IS A DRIVER OF THE HEALTH OF DOME SY AND INCREDIBLY IMPORTANT WAVES.

SO ANOTHER ASPECT OF OF THIS WAS SIMPLY IT WAS TIME OF GRATED GRASS ROOTS INNOVATION.

A HUGE GRASS ROOTS SURGES OF NEW IDEAS OF INNOVATION AND WHAT LOUIE WAS THE FAMOUS PROGRESSIVE CALLED THE LABORATORIES OF DEMOCRACY THESE YOUNG REFORMERS WERE TRANSLATING THE MORAL OUTRAGE INTO CITIZEN ENGAGEMENT AND RECLAIMING THEIR INDIVIDUAL AGENCIES, CITIZEN AGENCY THAT IN FACE OF SORT OF THE DIZZYING DRIFT OF THE INDUSTRIAL REF LUGS AND ALL THE CHANGES THAT CAME WITH THAT.

SO ULTIMATELY, BY WORKING AT THE LOCAL LEF REL, THE LEVEL OF OF THE NEIGHBORHOOD AND THE MUNICIPALITY PROGRESSIVES WERE ABLE TOLL CREATE SOLUTIONS THAT IN A SENSE TRANSCENDED THE POLITICAL GRIDLOCK AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL AND THE HUGE FEATURE OF THE GUILD AGE AND WE THINK OF IT AS THE BIG FEDERAL PROGRAMS THAT WERE CREATED THOSE FEDERAL PROGRAMS REALLY MET THE GRASS ROOTS INNOVATION SO THIS WAS TOP DOESN'T AND BOTTOM UP REFORM MOVEMENT.

THERE WAS NO LEADER OUT IN FRONT.

A LAG INCATOR IN THE STORY.

THEY CAME TOLL THE SCENE AS HIT CALL ENTREPRENEURS WHO SAW A PARADE AND GOT OUT IN FRONT OF IT AND SUCCESSFULLY BROUGHT THE PARTIES TOGETHERRING TO CREATE BRAD NATIONAL REFORMS AND LEGISLATION, BUT THE REAL WORK OF THE PERIOD WAS HAPPENING A DECADE OR MORE BEFORE THAT, THIS UPSWELL OF GRASS ROOTS INNOVATION BUT NOT EVERYTHING THEY DID WAS POSITIVE SO FROM THIS REAR COME NOT ONLY LESSONS WE MAY IMMOLATE BUZZ TALES WEE NOT WANT TO EMULATE AND THERE ARE A.

BEFORE HE THOSE WE HIGHLIGHT IN THE BOOK.

WILL MENTION ONE OF THEM BRIEFLY WHICH IS THE MOST IMPORTANT ONE, OF COURSE, BE THIS WE THEY WERE WORKING TOWARD WAS NOT INCLUSIVE ENOUGH.

MANY.

THEY HAD NITH INTO THEM A SORT OF STRUCTURAL RACISM WE ARE NOW GRAPPLING WITH EVEN TODAY.

120 YEARS LATE THE SO THE FACT IT WAS HIGHLY RATIONALIZED WE WERE BUILDING TOWARD DURING THE LAST UPSWING REALLY MEANT THAT THE NEEDS OF PEOPLE OF COLOR PROSECUTOR SACRIFICED ON THE PROGRESS AS WE HAVE SEEN SO MANY TIMES IN AMERICAN HISTORY.

IF HE WANT TO SEE ANOTHER WHICH CANNOT MAKE THAT MISTAKE AGAIN.

WE MUST PUT FULL AND COMPLETE INCLUSION AT THE CENTER OF OUR EFFORTS THEN JUSTS TO WRAP UP IL WILL LEAVE WITH YOU THIS QUOTE IF WE CAN GO TO EXSLIDE.

FROM TEDDY RIGHTS ROOSEVELT.

HE SAID THE FUNDAMENTAL RULE OF OUR NATIONAL LIFE.

THE RULE WHICH UNDERLIES ALL OTHERS IS ON THE WHOLE AND IN THE LONG RUN WE SHALL GO UP OR DOWN TOGETHER.

WHETHER WE BELIEVE IT OR NOT.

WHETHER WE LEAN INTO IT OR NOT.

OUR FATES ARE TIED.

WE BELIEVE THAT THIS IS THE BIGGEST LESS SON OF MARK'S I WE CENTURY.

IF WE LEARN INTO THE WE.

PHYSICAL WE UNDERSTAND THE POWER OF THE WE AND WORK TOGETHER.

THAT WE CAN ACTUALLY CREATE NOT JUST MULTIFACETED CRISIS BUT UPSWING AND HOME HOPFULLY MOVE TO GREATER HEIGHTS OF WE THAN WE WERE ABLE TO ACCOMPLISH LAST TIME IN.

LAST.